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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Anatomy
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The study of the structure and location of body parts
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Define Physiology
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The study of the function of bodily parts
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Define Pathophysiology
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The study of the chain of events that result from from a disease or illness
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Developmental anatomy
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focuses on how an individual forms from a fertilized egg all the way through adulthood; look at how certain body parts or systems change
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Gross Anatomy
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the study of large parts of the body that can be seen with the naked eye.
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Histologic anatomy
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the study of different tissue types and the cells that comprise them; histo-tissue (histos = web or loom)
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Can systems and individual structures of the body have more than one function?
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yes
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List the levels of the body from smallest to largest
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1. Atoms
2. Cells 3. Tissues 4. Organs 5. Organ systems 6. Organism |
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What is an Atom?
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the smallest possible piece of an elemetn that retains all the properties of the element
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What is a molecule?
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A product of two or more atoms
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What is an enzyme?
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proteins that speed a chemical reaction
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What general functions do cells have? "The fundamental units of life"
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1. converting energy
2. digesting food 3. excreting waste 4. Reproducing 5. Taking in oxygen |
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What is a tissue?
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a grouping a cells that perform the same function
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What are the 4 classes of Tissue?
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1. Connective: found in blood and bones, serves to support body parts and bind them together
2. Epithelial: type of tissue that lines organs and covers the body 3. Muscle: found in the muscles, which allow your body parts to move via the act of contraction and relaxation 4. Nerve: transmits impulses adn forms nerves |
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What is an organ?
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Two or more tissues working together to perform a specialized physiological function
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What is an Organ system?
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a group of specialized organs working together to achieve a major physiological need ex)digestive system
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Latin root: Aden-
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gland
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Latin root: Angi-
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vessle
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Latin root: Arthr-
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Joint
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Latin root: Bronch-
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Windpipe
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Latin root: Carcin-
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Cancer
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Latin root: Cardi-
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heart
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Latin root: Carp-
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Wrist
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Latin root: Chol-
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Bile, gall
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Latin root: Derm-
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Skin
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Latin root: Erythro-
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Red
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Latin root: Gastr-
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Stomach
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Latin root: Hemat-
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Blood
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Latin root: Histo-
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Tissue
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Latin root: Path-
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Disease
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Latin root: Sept-
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Contamination
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What is anatomic position?
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Upright, faceforward, palms facing forward
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Define Anterior
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Front or toward the front of the body
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Define Posterior
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Back or toward the back of the body
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Define Dorsal
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Back or toward the back of the body
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Define Ventral
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Front or toward the front of the body
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Define Caudal
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Near or toward the tail
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Define Prone
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Lying on the stomach, face down
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Define Supine
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Lying on the back, face up
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Define Lateral
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On the side or toward the side of the body
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Define Medial or median
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In the middle or toward the middle of the body
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Define Proximal
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Nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
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Define Distal
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Farther from the point of attachment or the trunch of the body (distance)
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Define Superficial
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Near the surface of the body
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Define Deep (in relation to body location)
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Farther from the surface of the body
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Define Superior (position)
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Situated above or higher than another part
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Define Inferior (position)
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Situated below or lower than another part
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Define Central
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Near the center of the body or middle of an organ
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Define Peripheral
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Away from the center of the body
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What are the three anatomic planes?
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1. Frontal Plane: divides the body inot a front (anterior) portion adn a rear (posterior) portion
2. Sagittal Plane: vertical divides the body lenthwise into right and left sections Midsagittal: down middle Longitudinal: any point 3. Transverse plane: divides body horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions (can go anywhere: cross sections) |
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What are the two major portions of the body?
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1. Axial
2. Appendicular: limbs |
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List the regions of the Axial portion of the body
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HEAD AND NECK
1. Cephalic (head) 2. Cervical (neck) 3. Cranial (skull) 4. Frontal (forehead) 5. Occipital (back of head) 6. Ophthalmic (orbital, eyes) 7. Oral (mouth) 8. Nasal (nose) THORAX 1. Axillary (armpit) 2. Costal (ribs) 3. Mammary (breast) 4. Pectoral (chest) 5. Vertebral (backbone) ABDOMEN 1. Celiac (abdomen) 2. Gluteal (buttocks) 3. Groin (area of abdomen near thigh) 4. Inguinal (groin) 5. Lumbar (lower back) 6. Pelvic (lower part of abdomen) 7. Perineal (area between anus and external genitalia) 8. Sacral (end of vertebral column) |
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List the regions of the Appendicular portion of the body
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ARMS
1. brachial (upper arm) 2. carpal (wrist) 3. cubital (elbow) 4. forearm (lower arm) 5. palmer (palm) LEGS 1. femoral (thigh) 2. lower leg (below the knee) 3. pedal (foot) 4. popliteal (back of knee) |
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Body cavities are holes where organs are held. What are the two main body cavities and what cavities do they house?
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1. Dorsal Cavity
a. Cranial cavity: brain b. spinal cavity: spinal cord 2. Ventral Cavity (divided by the diaphram) a. thoracic cavity: heart and lungs b. abdomino-pelvic: stomach, liver, gall-bladder, spleen, most intestines; reproductive organs, bladder, rectum and lower portion of the intestines |
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The abdomen is divided into quadrants and regions. Name these
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QUADRANTS
1. Right Upper 2. Left Upper 3. Left Lower 4. Right Lower REGIONS 1. Epigastric: above the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen just above the naval 2. Hypochondriac: lies to the right and left of the epigastric region and just below the cartilage of the rib cage 3. Hypogastric: Below the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen just below the navel 4. Iliac: lies to the right and left fo the hypogastric regions near the hip bones 5. Umbilical: the area aroudn the navel 6. Lumbar: Froms the region of the lower back to the right and left fo the umbilical region |
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What is a pathogen
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an agent that causes disease
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Metabolism:
(2 types of reactions that occur?) |
describes all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Anabolic: create needed products Catabolic: break down products |
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What is the form of energy used by cells?
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ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
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What processes are involved in cellular respiration which converts energy from fuel into ATP?
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1. Glycolosis
2. Aerobic (Kreb's cycle) & Anaerobic respiration 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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How is the nervous system divided?
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CNS: Central Nervous System; includes the brain a spinal cord
PNS: Peripheral nervous system; consists of the nerves that project out from the brain and spinal cord |
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What is the definition of a nerve? and what two types of nerve fibers are there?
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a nerve is a vessel that contains nerve fibers and connects them to the CNS
Motor: send impulses away from the CNS Sensory: Send impuses toward the CNS |
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What does the PNS consist of in terms of nerves and fibers?
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Cranial Nerves: stem from the brain
Spinal Nerves: stem from the spinal cord Sensory fibers: are all over the body and send impulses to the CNS via the cranial and spinal nerves Motor fibers: Which connect to muscles and glands and send impulses from the CNS via the cranial and spinal nerves. |
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The PNS is divided into two systems. What are these and how does each function?
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The Somatic System: consists of motor fibers sending impulses FROM the CNS to the voluntary skeletal muscles, as well as sensory fibers receiving input from receptors in the skin and initiating impulses as a reaction to the input
The Autonomic system: consists of motor fibers sending impulses FROM the CNS to the glands, the heart and involuntary smooth muscle (as in organs) and is made up of: The Sympathetic nervous system: Nerves originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord The parasympathetic nervous system: nerves originate in the brain and sacrum ~They both control internal organ functions that are involuntary and that happen subconsciously, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion |