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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter
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materials that exist within our universe. Things that have an existance and take up space. Made up of elements
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Element
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Very basic and pure substance/simple
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What are Atoms and tell me about them
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the smallest functional unit of an element. Comprised of subatomic particles. Has protons neutrons and electrons that work together in a system. The things that define an atom are the AMOUNT of protons neutrons and electrons
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Protons and neutrons are located in the _______.
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Atomic neucleus
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Where are electrons found?
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ouside the atomic neucleus
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Charge
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Represents electrons, neutrons, or electrons predictable
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Atomic Number: and what it does and why
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Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom. Also indicates the number of electrons because each atom is said to be electronically balanced.
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Atomic Mass
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Number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
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How do you get the number of neutrons?
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By subtracting the number of protons from the atomic mass
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Isotopes
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atoms that have the same number of protons, but have different numbers of neutrons or same atomic number and different atomic mass
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Carbon
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Very important to humans. Has six protons and six electrons but different structures of carbon have different atomic mass
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Radio Isotope
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element or isotope that gives off energy
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Molecular Formula
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the formular/composition of a molecule
Does NOT indicate structure |
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Molecular formula for glucose?
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C6 H12 O6
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Structural Formula
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shows how atoms and molecules connect to for the molecular formula
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Formula
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"directions on what's in there"
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Covalent Bonding
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chemical bond resulting from the sharing of electrons
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Ionic Bonding
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Chemical bond resulting from the transfer of electrons
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Explain how an electron distribution works
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First look at the number of protons. Once you know how many protons there are, you know how many electrons there are. Distribute the electrons to the several energy levels.
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What is the order (in #s) for the energy levels in an electron distribution?
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2 -> 8 -> 18 -> 32
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Non-Reacting Elements
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Do not typically form chemical bonds under the earth's atmosphere due to having 8 electrons in their last energy level or having 2 electrons in their ONLY energy level.
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Name the major non-reacting elements, their atomic number, and give their nick-name
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Helium - 2
Neon - 10 Argon - 18 Krypton - 36 Xenon - 54 Radon - 86 AKA: "Noble Gases" |
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Valence?
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The number of electrons the element requires to become more stable. To become more stable, it must have 8 electrons in its outer layer. The number of electrons needed to complete this 8 is known as the valence
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The valence of hydrogen is ___
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One
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The valence of oxygen is ____
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Two
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The valence of nitrogen is ____
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Three
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The valence of carbon is ____
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four
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Tell me how an ionic bond would happen.
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Step 1: Two atoms with a mutual need for electrons transfer the elctrons to try to become more stable and have 8 electrons in its outer shell.
Step 2: The transfer occurs Step 3: The positively charged cations and negatively charged anions come together and you get an ionic bond. |
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Ion
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charged atom
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Cation
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positively charged ion
ex: Na+ |
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Anion
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Negatively chargerd ion
ex: Cl- |
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Water is held together by ____ covalent bonding.
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polar
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Polar covalent bonding
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(water) having opposite charges
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Non-Polar covalent bonding
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(fats oils, and lipids) equal sharing of electrons where both sides are equal (+ to +) or (- to -)
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WHat happens in covalent bonding if one atoms hasmore protons than another?
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that side which is stronger will spend more time with the electrons
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What happens when electrons spend more time with a certain atom?
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the atom begins to become a little more negative
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WHat happens when electrons spend more time on the opposite side of an atom
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It becomes more positive
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Polarity
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anything that has a positive and negative end
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Suffix: -ity
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property of having
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Hydrogen Bond
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holds neighboring water molecules together under the right remperatures and pressures. Heat breaks the hydrogen bond in water molecules and causes it to evaporate. Each hydrogen bond can hold a certain amount of heat before it breaks
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Name the properties of water
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Polarity
cohesion adhesion specific heat heat of vaporization |
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What is polarity?
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property of being polar (having positive and negative)
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name two kinds of polarity (in water) and tell their functions
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hydrophillic - property of water attracting something
hydrophobic - property of water not attracting something |
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Cohesion
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water sticking to water.(surface tension - measure of cohesion)
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Adhesion
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water sticking to some other surface. (capillary action)
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Specific Heat
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the ability of water to hold heat
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Heat of vaporization
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amount of energy needed to convert liquid water into vapors
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Tell me about acids and bases
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Acids - something that RELEASES hydrogen ions
Bases - something that ACCEPTS hydrogen ions and contains hydroxl (OH-) ions |
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strong acid/weak acid
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strong acid - high number of hydrogen ions released
weak acid - low number of hydrogen ions released |
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strong base/weak base
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strong base - accepts greater number of hydrogen ions
weak base - accepts less number of hydrogen ions |
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What does a hydroxl ion look like?
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OH-
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OH- is called a _____________
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Hydroxl ion
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H+ is a ______________
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Hydrogen ion
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What do the letters in PH stand for?
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Population of Hydrogen ions
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what does the PH scale run from and what is the midpoint?
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0-14 and 7.000 is the midpoint
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What happens when you get closer to 0 on the ph scale?
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the acidity increases
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What happens when you get closer to 14 on the ph scale?
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The alkalinity increases
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what kind of acid resides in the 1.5-2.0 zone
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stomach acid
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What is something with a ph of 7.000?
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Neither an acid nor a base....water
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PH of human blood?
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under optimal conditions 7.4
It is slightly alkaline Acceptable range is 7.35-7.45 |
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Acidosis
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condition of having too much acid in your blood
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Alkalosis
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Condition of having too much alkaline (bases) in your bood.
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difference between respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
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acidosis - too much carbon dioxide in the blook which cannot be removed
alkalosis - low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood |
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Difference between metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
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Acidosis - too much acids in the blood
Alkalosis - too little carbon dioxide plasma concentration |
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Carbohydrates
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(carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) provides us with the bulk of our energy each day.
Provides photosynthesis Helps with cellular respiration |
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what is a monosaccaride?
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single sugar - smallest and simplest of sugars
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What is the template for a monosaccharide?
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C1 H2 O1
there will usually be twice as many hydrogen atoms and an equal amount of oxygen atoms as carbon. |
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What is a pentose and name the pentoses.
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"free carbon sugar" C5 H10 O5
Ribose and Deoxyribose are pentoses |
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What is a hexose and name the hexoses
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"six carbon atom sugar" C6 H12 O6
glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Glucose
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(C6 H12 O6) primary source of energy. Brain cells require a continual supply of glucose/dextrose. Primarily produced by plants
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Fructose
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(fruit sugar) goes first to the liver where it is converted into glucose
(hexose) |
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Galactose
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(milk) goes into the liver to be converted into glucose
(hexose) |
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Ribose
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important to RNA
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Deoxyribose
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important to DNA
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Name all the monosaccharides
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Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, and Deoxyribose
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Disaccharides
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Class of sugar that has two monosaccharide sugar molecules joined together
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Name the disaccharides and what they are
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Sucrose - glucose + fructose (sugar cane)
Lactose - glucose + galactose (milk sugar) Maltose - glucose + glucose (grain sugar) |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties react and become covalently bonded to one another by the concurrent loss of a small molecule, usually water
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Hydrolosis
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A chemical reaction that uses water to break down a compound.
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Enzymes
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"workers of cells" which put things together and takes them apart within our cells
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Diff between a deoxyribose and a ribose
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a Deoxyribose molecule has one less oxygen than a ribose molecule
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Polysacharides
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Complex carbohydrates. Many monosaccharides connected togeher using dehydration synthesis. contains energy
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Name the main polysaccharides and their function
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Starch - "stoarage form of glucose in plants"
Glycogen - "storage form of glucose in animals" Cellulose - Made by plants as a building material Glycoproteins - found on the surface of red blood cells. important to blood types |
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Lipids
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Need carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Group of chemicals, usually fats, that do not dissolve in water. |
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Neutral fats
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body fats that arent charged and wont dissolve in water
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Fatty acids and glycerol
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molecules that put together to make a chain of lipids
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Name the three glycerides
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Monoglyceride
Diglyceride Triglyceride |
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Monoglyceride
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one fatty acid connected to one glycerol molecule
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Diglyceride
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two fatty acids connected to one glycerol molecule through covalnet bonds
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Triglyceride
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Three fatty acids connected to one glycerol molecule. Each molecule of body fat is made up of triglycerides
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Serum
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referring to blood
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In nature there are some ___ different kinds of fatty acids
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18
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Saturated fatty acids
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fatty acids that are loaded or full. Carries the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Tends to come from animal sources
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Hydrocarbons are ___________?
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fuel molecules
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what does an acide group look like?
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one carbon that has a double bond with oxygen and a single bond with OH
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Unsaturated/Polyunsaturated
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when a fatty acid is not loaded or full. Has room for hydrogen atoms
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Mono Unsaturated
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one double bond in the "fatty section of the unsaturated fatty acid
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Plyunsatured
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many double bonds in the fatty section of the unsaturated fatty acid
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Tras fatty acid
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undergoes a change (trans)
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Something is not a hexose when it is __________ (molecular formula for soemthing)
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C6 H12 O6
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Glycerol
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weak alcohol that has three carbons, five hydrogens, and three OH
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Triglyceride molecule
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connecting a glycerol to three faty acids using dehydration synthesis. Three waters come out (de-hydra)
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C-CH2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-Ch2-CH3
what is this? |
saturated fatty acid
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Phospholipids
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lipids that contain phophorus and is important to the maup of cell membranes
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Cholesterol
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leading member of the steroid family that are strictly found in animals
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Suffix:
-oid |
Like
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what is a hexagon shape thingy?
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a ring of carbon atoms
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WHat is a hexgon thingy with a letter O in one of its corners known as?
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Glucose
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Steroid
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3 six ring carbon rings connected to one five ring carbon. Made from cholesterol. Powerful hormones
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Hormone
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chemical regulator of biological function
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Name the hormones
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Estrogen, Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol
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Estrogen
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A steroidal hormone produced in both males and females that has a variety of functions. In women, it is released during menstruation to form a hospitable environment for embryo fertilization and implantation in the womb.
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Progesterone
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powerful steroid made from cholesterol important for support of pregnancy
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Testosterone
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(anabolic) important to make reproductive functions. Produced by males and females
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Cortisol
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hormone that helps the body deal with stress (physical)
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Name the lipid soluable vitamins
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A,D,E,K
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Lipoproteins
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Lipids connected to a protein using a covalent bond. Helps transport materials in the blood
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Name the two kinds of lipoproteins and their functions
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HDL - high density lipoprotein. better to have more because it carries cholesterol to places to be eliminated "healthy H"
LDL - low density lipoprotein. want low quantities "L=lowsy" helps in the retention of cholesterol |
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Statins
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Cholesterol lowering medication. Lowers levels of LDL
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Myelin
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Lip. Fatty like substance found in the nervous system. Very important in conductiveness in nerve cells
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Diff between myelinated and non-mylelinated
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myelinated - covered by a fatty like substance which is protective and is important to the conductiveness of neves (faster)
non-myelinated - not covered (slower) |
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Eicosanoids
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A family of powerful, hormone-like compounds produced in the body from essential fatty acids
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Name two kinds of Eicosanoids and their functions
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Prostaglandins - important to perception of pain
leukotreine - involved with the immune system and white blood cells |