Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Proximal/distal |
along a limb (towards or away) |
|
Rostral/caudal |
toward head or butt |
|
Example of loose connective tissue |
adipose |
|
Types of connective tissue |
loose and dense |
|
Types of proper dense connective tissue |
white fibrous (tendons) and yellow (lungs) |
|
Types of supportive dense connective tissue |
cartilage (yellow and fibrous) and bone |
|
Example of yellow and fibrous cartilage |
fibrous: between knee or vertebrae yellow: nose, ear, epiglottis |
|
Synovial (diarthrodial) joint |
high mobility (knee or jaw) |
|
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrodial) joint |
limited mobility (between vertebrae) |
|
Fibrous (synarthrodial) joint |
almost no mobility (joining pieces of the skull) |
|
Agonist, antagonist, synergist |
1. moves structure 2. resists movement 3. stabilizes or optimizes movement |
|
What do the following become: 1. ectoderm 2. endoderm 3. mesoderm |
1. nervous system, mucous membrane, and skin 2. digestive track and lungs 3.bones, muscles,connective tissues, and blood vessels |
|
Teratogen |
chemical or environmental factors that cause birth defects |
|
I: mandibular arch II: hyoid arch III: major horns or hyoid IV: thyroid cartilage V: arytenoid cartilage |
I: malleus, incus, and mandible II: body hyoid bone and stapes III: IV: V: opens and closes vocal folds |
|
What forms during weeks 8-9 and 9-10 in pregnancy? |
Hard palate then soft palate (when do they form?) |
|
When does myelination of the spinal cord occur? |
2nd trimester (what forms in this period?) |
|
Where is the AP triggered? |
axon hillock |
|
3 types of neurons |
unipolar, bipolar, multipolar |
|
3 types of glial cells |
astrocytes, myelin, microglia |
|
What do astrocytes do? |
physical/nutritional support, produce glialtransmitters |
|
What do myelin do? |
sheathing and insulation (oligodendrocytes and schwann cells) |
|
What do microglia do? |
ingests and destroys foreign material (garbage men of brain) |
|
Afferent vs. Efferent |
towards brain vs. away from brain |
|
Excitatory vs. inhibitory |
Increase probability of AP/voltage in cell vs. decrease probability of AP/voltage in cell |
|
What does a Na+ pump do? |
Maintain negative polarity in cell |
|
Intercellular potential Critical threshold Highest voltage |
-70mV, (-55)-(-50)mV, +30mV |
|
3 stages of AP |
depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization |
|
Absolute and relative refractory period |
impossible to trigger another AP, very difficult to trigger another AP |
|
Saltatory conduction |
increases speed of propagation of AP down axon |
|
3 stages of neurochemical communication |
presynapse, synapse, postsynapse |
|
How are AP kept at rest? |
they are voltage gated |
|
Smallest functional unit of a muscle |
sarcomere |
|
Gray vs. white matter |
brain vs. axons wrapped in sheathing |
|
grouping of cells inside and outside the cortex |
nuclei and ganglium |
|
4 brain lobes and what separates them |
frontal parietal ^ separated by central sulcus occipital temporal (lateral sulcus) |
|
Brodmann areas of: primary somatosensory cortex primary motor cortex broca's area werenicke's area primary auditory cortex |
BA: 1, 2, 3 4 44, 45 22, 39, 40 41, 42 |
|
Association fibers |
within hemisphere communication Ex: arcuate fasciculus - connects broca's area to werenicke's area |
|
Commissural fibers |
between hemisphere communication Ex: corpus callosum |
|
Projection fibers |
between distinct area communication Ex: corona radiata and internal capsule |
|
3 types of corticospinal tracts |
ipsilateral (same side) contralateral (opposite side) bilateral (both sides) |
|
Dorsal horn vs. ventral horn |
receives information vs. sends information |
|
Roles of 4 lobes |
F: motor control, judgement, problem solving P: primary sensory area O: helps process visual information T: processes sound, location of language center |
|
Names of cranial nerves: V VII VIII IX X XII |
trigeminal facial acoustic (auditory vestibular) glossopharyngeal vagus hypoglossal |
|
Functions of cranial nerves: V VII VIII IX X XII |
movement of mandible (sensory and motor) muscles of facial expression, tongue/pharynx (sensory and motor) hearing and balance (sensory) swallowing, pharynx/tongue (sensory and motor) tongue movement (motor) |
|
Blastocyst |
Polar mass forms (within 6-7 days) |
|
Neural tube |
precursor to CNS (brain and spinal cord) |