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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell can be divided into 3 parts |
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm (cytosol, organelles), nucleus (chromosomes, genes) |
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Plasma membrane |
Flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm |
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Membrane proteins |
Integral proteins, peripheral proteins |
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Function of membrane proteins |
Different proteins help determine many of the functions of the cell membrane |
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Membrane fluididty |
Fluid structures because most of the membrane lipids and proteins move in the bilayer |
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Membrane permeability |
Selectively permeable. Lipid bilayer is always permeable to small, non polar, uncharged molecules. |
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Transmembrane proteisn |
Act as channels or transporters, increase the permeability if the membrane |
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Concentration gradient |
The difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other |
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Electrical gradient |
The different in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other |
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Transport processes |
Passive process, active process |
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Passive process |
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis |
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Active processes |
Primary and secondary transport, vesicular transport |
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Diffusion is influenced by |
Steepness of the concentration gradient, temperature, mass of diffusion substance, surface area, diffusion distance |
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Transmembrane proteins |
Help solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move through the lipid bilayer, involves channel mediated facilitated diffusion, and carrier mediated facilitated diffusion. |
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Osmosis |
Movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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Exocytosis |
membrane enclosed secretory vesicles dude with the plasma membrane and release the contents into the extracellular fluid |
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Transcytosis |
Combination of endocytosis And exocytosis used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side |
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Cytoplasm 2 components |
Cytosol- intracellular fluid Organelles- specialized structures that have specific shapes and perform specific functions |
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Peroxisomes |
Structures that are similar in shape to lysosomes, but are smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize organic substances |
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Proteasomes |
Barrel shaped structures that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller ones |
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Nucleus |
Contains the hereditary units of the cell called genes |
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Transcription |
Occurs in the nucleus and is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis |
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Translation |
Occurs in the nucleus and is the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein |
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Cell division |
A process by which cells reproduce themselves |
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Mitosis |
Occurs when the nucleus of a cell divides. Results in the distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 separate nuclei |
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Mitosis steps |
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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Prophase |
Chromatin condensed into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disappears and centrosomes move to opposite poles |
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Metaphase |
Centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate |
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Anaphase |
Centromeres of chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward the opposite poles of the cell |
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Telophase |
Mitotic spindle dissolves, chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance, and a new nuclear membrane forms |
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Cytokinesis |
Cleavage furrow forms, and the the cytoplasm splits, when complete, interphase begins |
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Cell destiny |
Remain alive and functioning without dividing, Grow and divide, die |
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Aging and cells |
Cells deteriorate, cells decrease, lose integrity of the extracellular components. |
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Disorders |
Cancer, melanoma, satcoms, osteogenic sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma |