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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Transverse plane
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Cuts across the body horizontally (torso separates from legs)
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Sagittal plane
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Cuts the body in half vertically (separating into left and right sides)
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Frontal/ coronal plane
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separates front from back
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Moving toward the head
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Superior/cranial/cephalic
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Superior/cranial/cephalic
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toward the head
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Inferior/caudal
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toward the feet
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Anterior/ ventral side
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(the belly side) front side of the body
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Posterior/ dorsal
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The back side of the body
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Medial
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toward the mid line of the body
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lateral
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away from the midline of the body
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Superficial
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toward the surface of the body
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Deep
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toward the core/ cavities of the body
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Upper extremities
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arm and forearm
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Lower extremities
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thigh, leg (knee to ankle), foot
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Proximal
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moving towards the torso (towards the point of attachment)
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Distal
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Moving away from the point of attachment
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Another word for organs
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viscera
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What are the 4 main cavities?
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1. Cranial
2. vertebral 3. thoracic 4. abodminopelvic |
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The cavities within the thoracic cavity
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Pleural cavity, mediastinum, and pericardial
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Pleural Cavity
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surrounds the lungs
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Mediastinum
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encloses the heart among other things in the area between the lungs
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Pericardial
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encloses the heart only
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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just inferior of the diaphragm and holds the most viscera
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The levels of organization
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Atoms --> molecules --> cells --> tissues --> organs --> systems --> organism
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Homeostasis
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An internal consistency. Organs and organ systems are used to achieve this goal.
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What are the 4 classifications of large organic molecules?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
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How are carbohydrates structured?
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They contain carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens in a 1:2:1 ratio.
They are long chains of organic molecules which are chains of smaller organic molecules made of sugars |
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Carbohydrate sugars
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-simple sugars come in straight chain or ring shape depending on the environment
-two simple sugars can link to make a disaccharide -Monosaccharide --> disaccharide--> polysaccharide--> starches |
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Lipids (fats/oils)
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Long chains with carbons, and hydrogens, and very few oxygens
Not soluble in water (cannot make bonds with water therefore cannot dissolve) |
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Fatty Acids (lipid)
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are a class of lipids that we use in our diet as a storage for of energy (use to burn for fuel) *(better form of energy then sugar, because it is harder to burn off)
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Steroids
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backbone is 3 six carbon rings and 1 five carbon ring (cholesterol is a steroid lipid, that helps keep cell membranes together) Ex of steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone
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Phospholipid
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has fatty acid hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
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Proteins
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Chains of smaller organic molecules called amino acids (amino acids are the building blocks for protein)
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Structure of proteins
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A chain of amino acids. In the center of amino acids is a carbon called the central carbon. The central carbon is bound to four things
1. A hydrogen at the top 2. An amino acid (two hydrogens and a nitrogen) group to the left 3. A carboxyl (carbon with two oxygens and a hydrogen) group to the right. 4. R' group at the bottom. Because this R' group can either have a positive or negative charge they reflect each other causing the amino acid chain to twist. Creating a three dimensional shape. |
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Why does the shape of the amino acid matter?
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The three dimensional shape of the protein determine what it does
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The 4 different classifications for protein structure
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1. Primary
2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary |
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Nucleic Acids
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Determines the order in which amino acids will be put together in a protein structure
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Structure of Nucleic acids
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Chains of nucleotides (smaller organic molecules that you link together to form nucleic acids). In the middle of a nucleotide there is a five carbon sugar. Attached to one side is a phosphate group and attached to the other is a nitrogenous base (which is either a purine or pyrimidine)
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DNA and RNA
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Are chains of nucleic acids. The order of the nitrogenous bases determine the order the amino acids will be put together in the protein structure
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ATP
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derived from a nitrogenous base. Adenosine triphosphate. A high energy molecule, often called the currency of the cell because it is used up so often (everything a cell has to do will cost it some energy (ATP))
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Where is the energy in ATP?
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The energy in ATP is concentrated in the bond holding the third phosphate group to the second. In order to release energy that last bond must be broken. The ATP then turns into ADP. To turn ADP back into energy you must add a phosphate group back on
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What are the 3 basic components of a cell?
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1. plasma membrane
2. nucleus 3. cytosol |
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What three components make up the plasma membrane?
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1. phospholipids
2. cholesterol 3. proteins |
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Phospholipids
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hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Tails point towards each other and heads face out. Not a solid wall.
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Cholesterol
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Cholesterol are dispersed along the phospholipids by the tails, they are there to help with stability and structure.
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4 types of proteins
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1. channel protein
2. identification tags 3. receptors 4. working channels (needs ATP) |
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Cytosol
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The fluid inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus where many organelles reside.
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What three basic jobs do cells do?
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1. metabolism
2. protein synthesis- reading DNA and assembling the amino acids according to the rules 3. Cell division- do at the end of their life to make the next generation |
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Simple diffusion
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the random movement of molecules down their concentration gradient
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Facilitated diffusion
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is passive and allows larger molecules to pass through channels down their concentration gradient
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Active transport
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This is moving something up its concentration gradient. For this you need both a pump and ATP
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The sodium potassium pump
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does not wish to reach an equilibrium. Three sodium go out and two potassium come in. ATP is needed and phosphorylation is done to activate the pump
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3 types of transportation
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1. Active
2. Passive 3. Vesicular |
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Vesicular Transport
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When the molecules are invaginated in the cell through a process called endocytosis and brought out of the cell through exocytosis
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Endocytosis
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general word for molecules coming in the cell by vesicle
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Phagocytosis
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is the endocytosis of solids like food or bacteria
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Pinocytosis
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the endocytosis of liquids
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What is necessary for osmosis to occur?
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a semi permeable membrane
a concentration gradient |
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Ribosomes
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cytosol has little “dots” in which are called ribosomes (partly protein and partly nucleic acid) free ribosomes. Fixed ribosomes mean they are anchored to something. Ribosomes are the surface in which we assemble proteins
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Rough ER
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rough because it is studded with ribosomes. Flattened sacks of membrane. Rough ER processes proteins; help fold, process, and edit the first draft of the protein to make it a more functional mature thing. Send proteins to the golgi. The golgi then sends them out of the cell through exocytosis.
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Smooth ER
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has no ribosomes. This is because the function of the smooth ER is to process lipids and detoxify some poisons brought it from our diet.
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Golgi apparatus
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multiple layers of flattened sacks and little vesicles coming off the side. Further processing of proteins to be shipped out of the cell. (kind of like the post office).
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Membrane bound organelles
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rough ER, smooth ER, and golgi apparatus
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Mitochondria
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oval shaped structures made of membrane. There is both an outer smooth membrane and inner membrane with folds called cristae. Generates ATP (powerhouse of the cell) using the food you eat and the air you breathe. Mitochondria have their own DNA called mitochondrial DNA.
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Flagellum
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only found in the sperm of the human body. Long chains of proteins that act as a tail
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Protein Synthesis
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A copy of the DNA is made in the nucleus. In the DNA are instructions for assembling proteins. That copy of the DNA is then sent to the ribosomes where the protein is assembled and then sent to the golgi apparatus to be packaged and sent out of the cell
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2 steps of protein synthesis
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1. Transcription
2. Translation |
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Nuclear membrane/ envelope
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has pores which allow molecules to move in and out of the cell
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How many chromosomes does the human body have?
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46
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Histones
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A protein whose job is to wind up the DNA so it is compacted enough to fit in the cell
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Gene
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a sequence of bases. Theses bases serve as the code for protein synthesis
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Where is mRNA produced?
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In the nucleolus
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What are the subunits of microfilaments?
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Actin
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