Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
RNA plays a role in: (second and third correct)
|
-Synthesizing proteins
-Copying instructions from DNA |
|
Carbon is especially well suited to serve as the structural foundation of many biological molecules because: (All 3)
|
-Carbon has 4 valence electrons so it bonds with other atoms that can provide it with 4 more to complete the shell
-also forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements -Readily bond with each other and can form long chains |
|
Correct Statement about mixtures and compounds
|
(1st, 2nd, & 3rd)
-Compound has properties much different than of its elements -most mixtures in our bodies consist of chemicals, dissolved or suspended in water -In a mixture, each substance retains its own chemical properties |
|
Which of the following is correct about biological properties of water?
|
(1st, 2nd, 3rd)
-Adhesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other -Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals -cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other |
|
Identify the correct statement regarding oxidation reactions
|
All choices are correct
|
|
Consider a mixture of blood, which contains sodium chloride, protein, and cells or formed elements. The sodium chloride is a _______________, protein is a _________, and the cells are in a _________.
|
Solution, colloid, suspension
|
|
Highest pH concentration
|
Lemon juice pH 2.3
|
|
A ___________ converts a _________ to its monomers.
|
Hydrolysis, polymer
|
|
__________ is the substrate of ___________
|
Lactose, lactase
|
|
Nucleic acids are _____________ of ____________
|
Polymers of nucleotides
|
|
Cells of all species have many fundamental similarities because of :
|
Common ancestry
|
|
What is not true about inclusions?
|
Can participate in ATP production in the cell
|
|
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in ECF, but only certain ones. The receptors exhibit:
|
Specificity
|
|
Trans-membrane proteins: most amino acids embedded in the membrane are ____________, amino acids facing the ECF are ______________.
|
Hydrophobic , Hydrophilic
|
|
Gates respond to all except
|
Water in ECF
|
|
Cells lining the small intestine are specialized for absorption of nutrients. Their plasma membrane has ____________.
|
microvilli
|
|
____________ consume ATP when transferring solutes from one side of the other of the plasma membrane
|
Pumps
|
|
_________ is the process which ______________ forces small solutes such as salts and water through narrow clefts between capillary cells.
|
Filtration; hydrostatic pressure
|
|
Insulin is taken up by endocytosis, then transported across the cell to the other side where it is released. This transport is called ______________
|
Transcytosis
|
|
The sodium potassium pump transports both _____ concentration gradient in a process called _______________
|
up; active transport
|
|
Facilitated diffusion and active transport both have in common:
|
cases of carrier mediated transport
|
|
Particles can leave a cell by any of these except:
Pinocytosis antiport active transport exocytosis simple diffusion |
pinocytosis
|
|
An example of active tansport
|
Transport of sodium from low to high concentration
|
|
Brings nonspecific material into a cell
|
Pinocytosis
|
|
Hepatocytes (liver cells) have a specialized function of detoxyfying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of:
|
Smooth ER
|
|
This function would immediately cease if ribosomes were destroyed
|
Protein synthesis
|
|
Muscle cells contain numerous ______________ to serve high demand of ATP
|
Mitochondria
|
|
_____________ is not involved in protein synthesis
|
Smooth ER
|
|
Which is not a primary tissue class?
Bone Muscle Nervous Epithelium Connective |
Bone
|
|
Which primary germ layer is epidermis derived?
|
Ectoderm
|
|
Describes a thin slice of tissue on a microscope slide
|
histological section
|
|
False about epithelial tissue:
|
It is composed of cells and matrix
|
|
Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of cells is:
|
Stratified
|
|
____________ is not a function of simple columnar epithelium.
|
Filtration
|
|
Tissues whose cells are most susceptible to responding to stimuli that changes the membranes potential:
|
Excitable tissue
|
|
Not part of a neuron
|
Neuroglia
|
|
________ is not part of the mucous membrane
|
Serosa
|
|
During childhood, the liver increases in size as hepatocytes undergo cell division. This is called:
|
Hyperplasia
|
|
________________ epithelium is most common, ________________ epithelium is rare.
|
Stratified squamous; stratified columnar
|
|
______________ epithelium found in the bladder resembles __________________ epithelium.
|
Transitional ; stratified squamous
|
|
__________ epithelium is associated with rapid transport of substances through a membrane, whereas ______________ epithelium is associated with resistance abrasion.
|
Simple squamous
Stratified squamous |
|
Uncommon to all connective tissue:
|
Interstitial fluid is so scarce that it is not visible with light microscope
|
|
__________________ tissue is highly vascular, whereas _____________ is not.
|
Areolar
Cartilage |
|
Connective tissues do not have:
|
A calcified matrix
|
|
People with Marfan Syndrome have
|
Hyperextensible joints
|
|
_________ is not part of the gelatinous consistency of connective tissue's ground substance
|
Collagen
|
|
Collagenous fibers are abundant in:
|
Tendons, ligaments, and deeper portion of the skin
|
|
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both :
|
Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues
|
|
_________ is found in the heart , one of its functions is to ____________
|
Blood; Transport nutrients to tissues
|
|
___________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes
|
Areolar tissue
|
|
Astronauts can move food through digestive tract because:
|
Smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through digestive tract.
|
|
A connective tissue fiber is a ________________, nerve fiber is _____________, muscle fiber is an __________.
|
A connective tissue is a complex of macromolecules, nerve fiber is part of a cell, muscle fiber is an entire cell.
|
|
In the intestine, ____________ ensure most digested nutrients pass through epithelial cells and not between them
|
Tight junctions
|
|
Membrane that lines digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consist of:
|
Epithelium and lamina propria
|
|
When pseudostratified epithelium of the bronchi in smokers transforms into stratified squamous epithelium
|
Metaplasia
|
|
Macrophages ________________ in healing of the skin wound.
|
Phagocytize and digest tissue debris
|
|
Skin covering the _____________ has sweat glands, but no hair follicles
|
Finger tips
|
|
Calluses or corns are the result of accelerated multiplication of:
|
Keratinocytes
|
|
The contraction of the piloerector muscles (pilomotor muscle or arrector pili) in humans causes:
|
The hair to stand up with no apparent function
|
|
Secretions from ___________ glands contribute to the acid mantle that inhibits bacterial growth on the skin
|
Merocrine sweat glands
|
|
The most immediate threat to someone with severe burns is:
|
Fluid loss
|
|
__________ are not part of the skeletal system
|
Tendons
|
|
A _____________ would NOT have involve damage to the skeletal system
|
Ruptured Achilles Tendon
|
|
Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of ____________ fibers.
|
Reticular; Collagen
|
|
The skeletal system helps maintain acid-base balance by:
|
Both choices are correct
-Absorbing or releasing Alkaline phosphate -Absorbing or releasing carbonate salts |
|
Osseous tissue matrix is composed of:
|
Calcium phosphate
|
|
This would directly effect the osseous tissue:
|
Vitamin C deficiency
|
|
If the __________ component of bone is not in adequate amounts, the flexibility of bone would be compromised
|
collagen
|
|
____________ are found in compact bone, but not spongy bone.
|
Central canals
|
|
In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following except:
|
Radius
|
|
In an adult, a compound fracture of the ___________ could lead to a "fat" embolism entering the blood stream.
|
Tibia
|
|
Mineralization is a process that extracts ____________ from the blood plasma and deposits it into bone.
|
Calcium and Phosphate
(first and second choices are correct) |
|
The ____________ contains hydrogen pumps that lead to the formation of hydrochloric used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called ____________.
|
Osteoclasts; Mineral resorption
|
|
To help regulate body calcium levels, bone has two reserves. The disadvantage of the stable reserve is:
|
it cannot easily be exchanged or released into the tissue fluid
|
|
Bone plays an essential role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Without it, many activities in the body would not function properly and would pose a life threatening situation. Which of the following activities listed below would NOT be life threatening if calcium homeostasis was not maintained?
|
Appositional growth of a bone
|
|
Osteogenesis Imperfecta is due to the deficiency of ________________ in the matrix, which makes the bones extremely brittle.
|
Collagen
|
|
Greenstick fractures most commonly occur in children because
|
Their bones contain larger quantities of collagen
|
|
During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by
|
Osteoblasts
|
|
A ____________ fracture is one in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces.
|
Comminuted
|
|
This image shows the anatomy of a long bone. What does "4" represent?
|
Epiphyseal line
|
|
inorganic component of the bone matrix
|
Hydroxyapatite
|
|
____________ provide(s) hardness to bones, whereas ____________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.
|
Hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
|
|
___________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane, whereas ____________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.
|
Osteoclasts; osteocytes
|
|
What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?
|
Yellow bone marrow
|
|
Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?
|
Osteoclasts
|
|
The _____________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.
|
Metaphysis
|
|
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the:
|
Epiphyseal plate
|
|
Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of:
|
Mechanical stress on bone remodeling
|
|
Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to _____________.
|
Parathyroid horomone; increased osteoclast activity
|
|
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect
|
An elevated level of osteoblast activity
|
|
A soft callus forms during
|
the healing of a fracture
|
|
Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
|
estrogen; osteoclast activity
|
|
The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.
|
Rickets; osteomalacia
|
|
Choose the correct statement(s) regarding the changes that take place in bones as a person ages
|
First, third, and fourth choices correct
-Adults have fewer bones because many bones fuse through the years -The adult pelvis is a single hip bone, which results from the fusion of three childhood bones. -The fusion of several bones, completed by late adolescence to the mid-20s, brings about the average adult number of 206. |
|
Identify the correct statement(s) regarding cranial bones:
|
Second and third choices correct
-The cranium consists of two major parts: the calvaria and the base. -The cranium is composed of eight cranial bones. |
|
Which of the sutures articulates with the most bones
|
Lambdoid sutures
|
|
INCORRECT statement about the development of the skull from infancy through childhood.
|
3/4 of the skull is developed by one year
|
|
Choose the INCORRECT statement regarding the general features of the vertebral column.
|
The vertebral column consists of a chain of 30 vertebrae with intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage between most of them
|
|
Why does an adult have less bones than a child
|
separate bones gradually fuse with age
|
|
Which intervertebral disc is the largest?
|
the one between L4 and L5`
|
|
The right hand on an adult has # of bones
|
27
|
|
Male and female pelves differ because all except
|
The female sacrum is longer
|
|
All the bones listed below belong to the axial skeleton, except ___________, which belongs to the appendicular skeleton.
|
Scapula
|
|
All the bones listed below belong to the appendicular skeleton except the
|
Ethmoid bone
|
|
These are bones associated with the skull but not considered part of it except
|
The vomer
|
|
Vertebrae are divided into five groups, usually ____________ cervical, ____________ thoracic, _________________ lumbar, ___________ sacral, and ____________ coccygeal.
|
7, 12, 5, 5, 4
|
|
The _____________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the _____________ belongs to the pectoral girdle.
|
Sternum; clavicle
|
|
Rib 7 is a
|
True rib
|
|
In a herniated ("ruptured" or "slipped") disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ___________ cracks and the _____________ oozes out.
|
anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus
|
|
Spines of the _____ form a part of the pelvic outlet.
|
ischium
|
|
A newborn passes through the ________ during child birth
|
Pelvic outlet
|
|
You cannot palpate the ________________ on a living person.
|
Medial surface of the fibula
|
|
Choose the factors that determine a joint's range of motion (Check all that apply).
|
-In many cases, joint movement is limited by the shapes of the bone surfaces.
-Bones are joined by ligaments that limit their movement. -In many joints, pairs of muscles oppose each other and moderate the speed and range of joint motion. |
|
Choose the correct statements regarding the types of levers (Check all that apply)
|
-A first-class lever is one with the fulcrum in the middle.
-A second-class lever has the resistance in the middle. -In a third-class lever, the effort is applied between the fulcrum and resistance. |
|
Flexion: Movement that decreases a joint angle
Hyperextension: A movement of a joint beyond the zero position. Elevation: A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane. Depression: A movement that lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane |
Extension: A movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position.
Adduction: A movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline Abduction: A movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body |