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286 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE TISSUE |
1. Motion 2. Movement of substances within the body 3. Stabilizing body positions and regulating organ volume 4. Thermogenesis |
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movements which rely on the interrelated functions of bones, joints, and skeletal muscles |
MOTION |
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skeletal muscle contracts to perform work and produce heat and heat releases by muscle is used to maintain normal body temperature |
THERMOGENESIS (generating heart) |
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involuntary actions of skeletal muscles that increase thermogenesis by several hundred percent |
SHIVERING |
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CHARACTERISITICS OF MUSCLE TISSUE |
1. Excitability 2. Conductivity 3. Contractility 4. Extensibility 5. Elasticity |
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ability of both muscles and nerve cells (neuron); ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called action potentar (impulses) |
EXCITABILITY (Irritability) |
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ability of muscle cell to propagate or conduct action potentials along plasma membrane |
CONDUCTIVITY |
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ability of muscle tissue to shorten and thicken, thus generating force to do work |
CONTRACTILITY |
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ability of muscle cells to be extended or stretched without damaging the tissue |
EXTENSIBILITY |
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ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or extension |
ELASTICITY |
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENT |
FASCIA EPIMYSIUM PERIMYSIUM ENDOMYSIUM |
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sheet or broad band of fibrous connective tissue that supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body |
FASCIA |
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separates muscle from the skin |
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA |
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subcutaneous layer of the skin made up of adipose and areolar connective tissue |
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA |
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FUNCTIONS OF ___________ 1. stores water and fats 2. reduce rate of heat loss 3. provides mechanical protection against trauma 4. provides network for nerves and blood vessels in and out of muscles |
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA |
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dense, irregular connective tissue that lines body walls and limbs |
DEEP FASCIA |
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holds muscles together |
DEEP FASCIA |
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FUNCTIONS OF _________ 1. allows free movement of muscles 2. supports nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels 3. fill spaces between muscles |
DEEP FASCIA |
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layer of connective tissue next or attached to deep fascia encircling the whole muscle |
EPIMYSIUM |
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surrounds bundles of 10 -100 individual muscle fibers called FASCICLES |
PERIMYSIUM |
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separating individual muscle fiber from one another |
ENDOMYSIUM |
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_________ are usually long and narrow, attached at eicher end by a tendon |
SKELETAL MUSCLE |
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cord of dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone |
TENDON |
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flattened sheet-like tendon is called _______ |
APONEUROSIS |
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inflammation of a tendon, tendon sheaths (wrist and ankle) and synovial membranes surrounding certain joints which usually occurs in the wrist, shoulders, elbows (tennis elbow), finger joint, ankle and feet |
TENOSYNOVITIS |
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elongated, multinucleated, striated cell; may reach a length of 30 cm with a diameter of 10 - 100 micrometer |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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- covered by sarcolemma - made up of myofibrils |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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- covered by sarcolemma - made up of myofibrils |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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basic unit of a muscle |
MYOFIBRILS |
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- covered by sarcolemma - made up of myofibrils |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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basic unit of a muscle |
MYOFIBRILS |
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I or isotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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- covered by sarcolemma - made up of myofibrils |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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basic unit of a muscle |
MYOFIBRILS |
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I or isotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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A or anisotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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- covered by sarcolemma - made up of myofibrils |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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basic unit of a muscle |
MYOFIBRILS |
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I or isotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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A or anisotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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- located between the dark and light bands - composed of myofilaments |
Z BAND |
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- covered by sarcolemma - made up of myofibrils |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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basic unit of a muscle |
MYOFIBRILS |
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I or isotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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A or anisotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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- located between the dark and light bands - composed of myofilaments |
Z BAND |
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parallel thread-like structures |
MYOFILAMENTS |
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- covered by sarcolemma - made up of myofibrils |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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basic unit of a muscle |
MYOFIBRILS |
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I or isotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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A or anisotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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- located between the dark and light bands - composed of myofilaments |
Z BAND |
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parallel thread-like structures |
MYOFILAMENTS |
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contain the contractile proteins ACTIN, TROPOMYOSIN, TROPONIN; - present in I and A bands |
THIN FILAMENTS |
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- covered by sarcolemma - made up of myofibrils |
MUSCLE FIBER |
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basic unit of a muscle |
MYOFIBRILS |
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I or isotropic band |
DARK BAND |
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A or anisotropic band |
LIGHT BAND |
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- located between the dark and light bands - composed of myofilaments |
Z BAND |
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parallel thread-like structures |
MYOFILAMENTS |
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contain the contractile proteins ACTIN, TROPOMYOSIN, TROPONIN; - present in I and A bands |
THIN FILAMENTS |
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- contain the contractile protein MYOSIN - present in A bands |
THICK FILAMENTS |
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contain the contractile proteins ACTIN, TROPOMYOSIN, TROPONIN; - present in I and A bands |
THIN FILAMENTS |
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nerves that convey impulses for muscular contraction |
SOMATIC MOTOR NEURON |
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skeletal muscles are well supplied with ______ and _______ |
NERVES BLOOD VESSELS |
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type of synapse formed between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber |
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION |
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a _______ transmits a nerve impulse to a neuromuscular unction |
MOTOR NEURON |
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_________ (acetylcholine) released by motor neuron diffuses across the synaptic cleft and triggers muscle action potential |
NEUROTRANSMITTER |
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the ______ of a motor neuron is highly branched and one motor neuron innervated numerous muscle fibers |
AXON |
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in large muscle, such as the thigh muscle, a motor unit may contain ________ muscle fibers |
200-500 |
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in small muscle such as forearm muscle, there are about _______ muscle fibers contained in each motor neuron |
10-15 |
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________ fibers cannot divide and have limited powers of regeneration. |
SKELETAL MUSCLE |
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________ fibers cannot divide and have limited powers of regeneration. |
SKELETAL MUSCLE |
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_______ cannot divide or regenerate |
CARDIAC MUSCLE |
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__________ have a limited capacity for division and regeneration |
SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS |
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-follows the "SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY" |
MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
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-follows the "SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY" |
MUSCLE CONTRACTION |
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"SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY" was introduced by an English scientist _______ in the mid-1900's |
H.E. HUXLEY |
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the theory proposes that a muscle contracts when the thin and thick filaments slide or pass one another |
SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY |
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states that individual muscle fibers contract to their fullest extent, they do not partially contract |
ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE |
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states that individual muscle fibers contract to their fullest extent, they do not partially contract |
ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE |
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record of muscle contraction |
MYOGRAM |
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recording of electrical activity in resting and contracting muscles, use to determine the cause of muscular weakness or paralysis, to evaluate involuntary muscle twitching, and to determine why abnormal level of muscle enzymes appear in blood |
ELECTROMYOGRAM (EMG) |
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NAMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES |
1. Direction of muscle fibers 2. Location 3. Size 4. Number of origins 5. Shape 6. Origin and insertion |
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NAMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES |
1. Direction of muscle fibers 2. Location 3. Size 4. Number of origins 5. Shape 6. Origin and insertion |
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Direction of muscle fibers |
RECTUS TRANSVERSE OBLIQUES |
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NAMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES |
1. Direction of muscle fibers 2. Location 3. Size 4. Number of origins 5. Shape 6. Origin and insertion |
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Direction of muscle fibers |
RECTUS TRANSVERSE OBLIQUES |
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parallel to the midline ex. rectus abdominis |
RECTUS |
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NAMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLES |
1. Direction of muscle fibers 2. Location 3. Size 4. Number of origins 5. Shape 6. Origin and insertion |
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Direction of muscle fibers |
RECTUS TRANSVERSE OBLIQUES |
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parallel to the midline ex. rectus abdominis |
RECTUS |
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perpendicular to the midline ex. transverses abdominis |
TRANSVERSE |
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diagonally to the midline ex. external oblique |
OBLIQUES |
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relative to the midline of the body |
DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS |
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relative to the midline of the body |
DIRECTION OF MUSCLE FIBERS |
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structure near where a muscle is found |
LOCATION |
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LOCATION OF MUSCLE |
muscle near the FRONTAL LOBE muscle near the TIBIA |
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MUSCLE NEAR THE FRONTAL LOBE |
FRONTALIS |
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MUSCLE NEAR THE TIBIA |
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR |
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MUSCLE SIZES |
MAXIMUS MINIMUS LONGUS BREVIS |
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large muscle |
MAXIMUS |
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small muscle |
MINIMUS |
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long muscle |
LONGUS |
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long muscle |
LONGUS |
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short muscle |
BREVIS |
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Number of origins |
BICEPS TRICEPS QUADRICEPS |
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two origins |
BICEPS |
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two origins |
BICEPS |
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three origins |
TRICEPS |
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two origins |
BICEPS |
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three origins |
TRICEPS |
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four origins |
QUADRICEPS |
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MUSCLE SHAPES |
DELTOID TRAPEZIUS SERRATUS RHOMBOIDEUS |
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triangular shape |
DELTOID |
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trapezoid shape |
TRAPEZIUS |
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saw-toothed shape |
SERRATUS |
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rhomboid (diamond) shape |
RHOMBOIDEUS |
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attachment of a muscle or the tendon to the stationary bone |
ORIGIN |
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attachment of a muscle or the tendon to the stationary bone |
ORIGIN |
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attachment of the other tendon from the muscle to the movable bone |
INSERTION |
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thickest portion of a muscle |
BELLY / GASTER |
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ACTIONS OF MUSCLE |
FLEXOR EXTENSOR ADDUCTOR ABDUCTOR LEVATOR DEPRESSOR SUPINATOR PRONATOR SPHINCTER TENSOR ROTATOR
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decrease angle of a ioint |
FLEXOR |
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moves bone around its longitudinal axis |
ROTATOR |
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increase the angle of a joint |
EXTENSOR |
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closer to midline |
ADDUCTOR |
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away from midline |
ABDUCTOR |
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produces upward movement |
LEVATOR |
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produces downward movement |
DEPRESSOR |
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turns palm upward |
SUPINATOR |
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turns palm downward |
PRONATOR |
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decrease size of an opening |
SPHINCTER |
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makes body part more rigid |
TENSOR |
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2 CONNECTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES TO BONES |
ORIGIN INSERTION |
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2 CONNECTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLES TO BONES |
ORIGIN INSERTION |
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- attachment to stationary bone - fixed end of a muscle - more always near the midline |
ORIGIN |
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- attachment to the movable bone - movable end of a muscle - found away from the midline of the body |
INSERTION |
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4 MUSCLES THAT REGULATES MOVEMENTS |
PRIME MOVER ANTAGONIST SYNERGIST FIXATOR |
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- agonist - produces the desired action ex. biceps brachii |
PRIME MOVER |
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- agonist - produces the desired action ex. biceps brachii |
PRIME MOVER |
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- opposes the agonist muscle - produces opposite action ex. triceps brachi |
ANTAGONIST |
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- agonist - produces the desired action ex. biceps brachii |
PRIME MOVER |
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- agonist - produces the desired action ex. biceps brachii |
PRIME MOVER |
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assists the prime mover by reducing unnecessary movements ex. extensor muscle of the wrist |
SYNERGIST |
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- agonist - produces the desired action ex. biceps brachii |
PRIME MOVER |
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assists the prime mover by reducing unnecessary movements ex. extensor muscle of the wrist |
SYNERGIST |
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- stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that it can act more efficiently ex. scapula which serves as firm origin of several muscles to move the arm and this can be held steady in the abduction of the arm by fixator muscles is pectoralis minor,thomboideus major, trapezius and subclavius where detail serves as the prime mover |
FIXATOR |
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there are _____ muscles but only ______ has specific names |
700 240 |
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MUSCLES OF THE FACE |
• Frontalis • Orbicularis oculi • Nasalis • Orbicularis oris • Levator labii superioris • Zygomaticus • Triangularis • Risorius • Depressor labii inferioris • Masseter • buccinator |
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muscle attached to the frontal bone use to elevate the eyebrow |
FRONTALIS |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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PARTS OF ORBICULARIS OCULI |
PALBERAL MUSCLE ORBITAL MUSCLE LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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PARTS OF ORBICULARIS OCULI |
PALBERAL MUSCLE ORBITAL MUSCLE LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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responsible in closing the eyelid |
PALBERAL MUSCLE |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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PARTS OF ORBICULARIS OCULI |
PALBERAL MUSCLE ORBITAL MUSCLE LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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responsible in closing the eyelid |
PALBERAL MUSCLE |
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raises skin of cheek and causes them to wrinkle |
ORBITAL MUSCLE |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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PARTS OF ORBICULARIS OCULI |
PALBERAL MUSCLE ORBITAL MUSCLE LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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responsible in closing the eyelid |
PALBERAL MUSCLE |
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raises skin of cheek and causes them to wrinkle |
ORBITAL MUSCLE |
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forces the tear into the laccrimal duct |
LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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PARTS OF ORBICULARIS OCULI |
PALBERAL MUSCLE ORBITAL MUSCLE LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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responsible in closing the eyelid |
PALBERAL MUSCLE |
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raises skin of cheek and causes them to wrinkle |
ORBITAL MUSCLE |
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forces the tear into the laccrimal duct |
LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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muscle that compresses the nostrils |
NASALIS |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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PARTS OF ORBICULARIS OCULI |
PALBERAL MUSCLE ORBITAL MUSCLE LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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responsible in closing the eyelid |
PALBERAL MUSCLE |
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raises skin of cheek and causes them to wrinkle |
ORBITAL MUSCLE |
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forces the tear into the laccrimal duct |
LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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muscle that compresses the nostrils |
NASALIS |
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closes and opens the lips |
ORBICULARIS ORIS |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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PARTS OF ORBICULARIS OCULI |
PALBERAL MUSCLE ORBITAL MUSCLE LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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responsible in closing the eyelid |
PALBERAL MUSCLE |
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raises skin of cheek and causes them to wrinkle |
ORBITAL MUSCLE |
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forces the tear into the laccrimal duct |
LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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muscle that compresses the nostrils |
NASALIS |
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closes and opens the lips |
ORBICULARIS ORIS |
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elevates upper lip |
LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS |
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large, flat, elliptical muscle of the eyelid surrounding the orbit |
ORBICULARIS OCULI |
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PARTS OF ORBICULARIS OCULI |
PALBERAL MUSCLE ORBITAL MUSCLE LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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responsible in closing the eyelid |
PALBERAL MUSCLE |
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raises skin of cheek and causes them to wrinkle |
ORBITAL MUSCLE |
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forces the tear into the laccrimal duct |
LACRIMAL MUSCLE |
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muscle that compresses the nostrils |
NASALIS |
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closes and opens the lips |
ORBICULARIS ORIS |
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elevates upper lip |
LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS |
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elevates corner of the mouth |
ZYGOMATICUS |
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elevates upper lip |
LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS |
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depresses corner of mouth |
TRIANGULARIS or DEPRESSOR ANGULI INFERIORIS |
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draws lips laterally |
RISORIUS |
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draws lips laterally |
RISORIUS |
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depresses lower lip |
DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS |
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chief muscle of chewing; bulging muscle of the jaw |
MASSETER |
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chief muscle of chewing; bulging muscle of the jaw |
MASSETER |
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compresses the cheek, muscle for smiling, whistling, chewing |
BUCCINATOR |
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MUSCLES OF THE NECK |
• Sternocleidomastoid muscle • Mylohyoid • Hyoglossus • Stylohyoid • Sternohyiod • Omohyoid • Thyrohyoid |
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turns head to side, flexes neck and head |
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE |
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turns head to side, flexes neck and head |
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE |
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elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth |
MYLOHYOID |
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depresses side of tongue |
HYOGLOSSUS |
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elevates and retracts tongue |
STYLOHYOID |
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depresses hyoid |
STERNOHYOID |
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elevates thyroid |
THYROHYOID |
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MUSCLES OF THE THORAX |
• Diaphragm • External intercostalis • Internal intercostalis |
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pulls central tendon inferiorly and increases dimension of thorax |
DIAPHRAGM |
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pulls central tendon inferiorly and increases dimension of thorax |
DIAPHRAGM |
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elevates and draws ribs together |
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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pulls central tendon inferiorly and increases dimension of thorax |
DIAPHRAGM |
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elevates and draws ribs together |
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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draws ribs together and depresses thorax |
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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pulls central tendon inferiorly and increases dimension of thorax |
DIAPHRAGM |
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elevates and draws ribs together |
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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draws ribs together and depresses thorax |
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL |
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE INTERNAL OBLIQUE TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
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pulls central tendon inferiorly and increases dimension of thorax |
DIAPHRAGM |
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elevates and draws ribs together |
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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draws ribs together and depresses thorax |
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL |
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE INTERNAL OBLIQUE TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
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most superficial, strongest muscle of the abdominal wall, compresses the abdomen |
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE |
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pulls central tendon inferiorly and increases dimension of thorax |
DIAPHRAGM |
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elevates and draws ribs together |
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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draws ribs together and depresses thorax |
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL |
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE INTERNAL OBLIQUE TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
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most superficial, strongest muscle of the abdominal wall, compresses the abdomen |
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE |
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broad, thin sheet of muscle, compresses the abdomen |
INTERNAL OBLIQUE |
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pulls central tendon inferiorly and increases dimension of thorax |
DIAPHRAGM |
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elevates and draws ribs together |
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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draws ribs together and depresses thorax |
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALIS |
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MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL |
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE INTERNAL OBLIQUE TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
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most superficial, strongest muscle of the abdominal wall, compresses the abdomen |
EXTERNAL OBLIQUE |
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broad, thin sheet of muscle, compresses the abdomen |
INTERNAL OBLIQUE |
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strap-like muscle that flexes vertebral column and pelvis |
TRANSVERSE ABDOMINIS |
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flexes vertebral column |
RECTUS ABDOMINIS |
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MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE |
• Serratus anterior • Pectoralis minor • Subclavius • Trapezius • Levator scapulae • Rhomboideus |
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pulls scapula forward and downward |
SERRATUS ANTERIOR |
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pulls scapula forward and downward |
SERRATUS ANTERIOR |
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pulls scapula forward and backward |
PECTORALIS MINOR |
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pulls scapula forward and downward |
SERRATUS ANTERIOR |
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draws clavicle downward |
SUBCLAVIUS |
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draws clavicle downward |
SUBCLAVIUS |
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large muscle that lies superficially at the back of the neck, raises and shrugs the shoulders, turns head from side to side |
TRAPEZIUS |
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draws clavicle downward |
SUBCLAVIUS |
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large muscle that lies superficially at the back of the neck, raises and shrugs the shoulders, turns head from side to side |
TRAPEZIUS |
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elevates scapula |
LEVATOR SCAPULAE |
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draws clavicle downward |
SUBCLAVIUS |
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large muscle that lies superficially at the back of the neck, raises and shrugs the shoulders, turns head from side to side |
TRAPEZIUS |
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elevates scapula |
LEVATOR SCAPULAE |
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elevates and retracts scapula |
RHOMBOIDEUS |
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draws clavicle downward |
SUBCLAVIUS |
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large muscle that lies superficially at the back of the neck, raises and shrugs the shoulders, turns head from side to side |
TRAPEZIUS |
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elevates scapula |
LEVATOR SCAPULAE |
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elevates and retracts scapula |
RHOMBOIDEUS |
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MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR |
• Levator ani • Superficial transverse perinea • Bulbospongiosus • Ischiocavernosus • External anal sphincter |
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draws clavicle downward |
SUBCLAVIUS |
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large muscle that lies superficially at the back of the neck, raises and shrugs the shoulders, turns head from side to side |
TRAPEZIUS |
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elevates scapula |
LEVATOR SCAPULAE |
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elevates and retracts scapula |
RHOMBOIDEUS |
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MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR |
• Levator ani • Superficial transverse perinea • Bulbospongiosus • Ischiocavernosus • External anal sphincter |
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chief muscle of defecation, has the ability to elevate anus |
LEVATOR ANI |
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draws clavicle downward |
SUBCLAVIUS |
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large muscle that lies superficially at the back of the neck, raises and shrugs the shoulders, turns head from side to side |
TRAPEZIUS |
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elevates scapula |
LEVATOR SCAPULAE |
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elevates and retracts scapula |
RHOMBOIDEUS |
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MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR |
• Levator ani • Superficial transverse perinea • Bulbospongiosus • Ischiocavernosus • External anal sphincter |
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chief muscle of defecation, has the ability to elevate anus |
LEVATOR ANI |
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supports pelvic viscera |
SUPERFICIAL TRANSVERSE PERINEA |
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draws clavicle downward |
SUBCLAVIUS |
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large muscle that lies superficially at the back of the neck, raises and shrugs the shoulders, turns head from side to side |
TRAPEZIUS |
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elevates scapula |
LEVATOR SCAPULAE |
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elevates and retracts scapula |
RHOMBOIDEUS |
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MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR |
• Levator ani • Superficial transverse perinea • Bulbospongiosus • Ischiocavernosus • External anal sphincter |
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chief muscle of defecation, has the ability to elevate anus |
LEVATOR ANI |
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supports pelvic viscera |
SUPERFICIAL TRANSVERSE PERINEA |
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constricts urethral canal (base of penis), constricts vagina (foot of clitoris) |
BULBOSPONGIOSUS |
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aids erection of penis or clitoris |
ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS |
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aids erection of penis or clitoris |
ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS |
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responsible in keeping the anus close |
EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER |
