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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
19th Century German-American Life
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Midwest: Farmers; Brought German beer and pianos to U.S. to show Americans German way of life
Cities: Worked in Factories; had social clubs set up Parochial schools (religion based) and had newspapers in Geman |
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The German-American Immigrant
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Definition of model immigrant; Came to U.S. with $$, and many located well
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The German-American Stereotype
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Set by the "Pennsylvania Dutch; made Wasps think they were model immigrants. The Penn. Dutch were only "kinda German", but they were good so the WASPs assumed the Germans were too (until WW1)
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World War 1 Propaganda
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Germany and England send propaganda to the U.S. in hopes of gaining their allegiance; Germans and English diss each other
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"Pumped Up Patriotism"
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Got into America and hated the Germans; burned pianos; boycotted German beer
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"Hyphenated-Americanism"
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Ex. German-Americans- we used to separate the Germans from the rest of the U.S. population
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Violence against German-Americans
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Smashed newspaper printers and burned down factories, took some Germans into custody, KKK lynches some
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The Alien Enemies Act of 1798
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Authorized the President to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the U.S.
Enacted on July 6, 1798, and providing no sunset clause, it remains intact today as 50 U.S.C. §§ 21–24; War was considered likely with france at the time |
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sunset clause
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a measure within a statute, regulation or other law that provides that the law shall cease to have effect after a specific date, unless further legislative action is taken to extend the law
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German-American Response
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"100% Americanism"; Hyper-Assimilation- They assimilate SUPER fast
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German-Americans in WW2
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11,000 Germans sent to Internment camps thanks to Alien Enemies Act; WW2 leads to Alien Registration Act
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The Alien Registration Act of 1940
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Set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of the U.S. gov't and required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government; Allowed to Gov't to follow you; 300,000 register; must carry "alien enemy registration card"
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20th Century German Migration
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Between 1931-1940, 14,000 political exiles immigrate from Germany to U.S.
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German-Americans Today
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58 million in U.S. (17% of pop.), most are assimilated but some live in ethnic enclaves and are acculturated
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Acculteration
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Keep traditional culture but still live in U.S.
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Jewish Stereotypes
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Have horns that they cover with little hats; Killed Christ; Greedy and Cheap
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The Jews in Rome
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Welcomed there for a long time, then Romans turned on them and kicked them out; The Romans destroy Jewish Temple in Rome, led to Jewish Diaspora
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Jewish Diaspora
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Jewish expulsion from Rome in 70 AM
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Smite
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Some Christians believe that God sent down a reign of terror to kill large groups of Christians b/c Christians are allowing the Jews to survive and thrive i.e. believed to cause the Black Plague (killed 1/3 Europeans) & Great Depression
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Torah
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1st Testament of Bible
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Talmud
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writings/interpretations about Torah
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Jewish Traditions
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Dress- Orthodox Jews follow Talmud more closely (curls,hats, etc.)
Eating Habits- kosher; meat & milk divided; hard to go out & eat Language- Hebrew Synagogue- Sabbath Day is Friday-Saturday; never able to work regular Christian job;(Do NOTHING i.e. cook, turn on car, etc.) |
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Usury
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Gaining interest off people's suffering aka interest; Christians believe you should just 'give' people money; thought Jews were "taking over the world"
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Problems with Jews
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Economics (greedy) & banking system; can't do typical factory jobs bc Sabbath so study for skilled/professional jobs; Christians think Jews taking from already poor people
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Jewish Immigration: German Jews
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First Wave; same push/pull (religious persecution); Middle class, not related to aristocracy;
300,000 settled in Cities & MW w/ other Germans; worked as bankers in city (no anti-usary laws) & Peddlers in the Frontier |
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Peddlers
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Travelling salesmen; sell goods to other Germans for very good prices; eventually led to Levi Strauss, Sears, Macy's
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Reform Judaism
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More assimilated Judaism; Began in Germany in early 1800's; don't follow Talmud anymore
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Reformed Jewish Traditions
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Dress like everyone else; Kosher eating habits, tho some relax some and not follow it; speak English; Sexual equality; family friendly; Synagogues look more like churches now; change Sabbath day to Sunday
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Who migrated in The Second Wave (1880-1920)?
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Ashkenazic Jews & Southern Italians
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Ashkenazic Jews
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Southern & Eastern European/Russian Jews (orthodox); same Stereotypes; 2 million
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Russification
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Hungary, Poland, Croatia, etc. taken over by Russia; Russians didn't want Jews there, told them to either convert to Russian Catholicism or leave
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Pogroms
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State sponsored Population eliminations i.e. The Holocaust; Told to leave or convert; Laws in Europe kept Jews from Immigrating to any other country there, couldn't even visit
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Ashkenazic Jews in America
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2 million; settle in lower East side of NY; too poor to go anywhere else & stay together to keep culture; Orthodox; Speak Yiddish- slang, Hebrew/Slavic mixed; VERY poor, bribe European officials to immigrate
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Tenements
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Have to live in apts. by themselves & building with other Ash Jews; single family tenements
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Sweat Shops
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Someone working in their home; take raw goods from factories & make goods in home piece by piece; women able to work; kids in school is most important
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Jews & Organized Crime
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"Kosher Mafia"; Murder incorporated; 1st Generation won't assimilate, 2nd will; kids start to rebel (Ash Jews want to join German Jews)
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Conservative Judaism
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Mixes German & Ash Judaism; Being kosher is left up to the individual; Sexes not split up during church; Synagogues look more like churches; speak English & Hebrew; Sabbath is Fri.-Sat.
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Labor Laws of the 1920's
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5 day work week, 8 hour work day, child labor law; movement up hierarchy; Ortho Jews keep Sabbath Day
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Who Joins Conservative Judaism?
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Almost all German Jews & 2nd Generation Ash Jews
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Jewish Immigration: 1930's
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People want out bc Hitler & the Holocaust; Many seek political asylum, including Albert Einstein
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Post 1945 Jewish Population
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Israel created (1948); Jews move there from Europe, but most Jews stay in US
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Jews Today (U.S.)
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6.4 million (3%); practice Ortho, Reform, Conservative, & newer ones; doing great, one of most affluent groups; generally have better incomes than WASPs; great education & jobs; HUGE voting block of Jews in SoFla; 6.4 million Jews in Israel also
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Italy
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No such thing as "Italy"; City-States controlled by families or the Pope
North vs. South: Certain words/slangs are different; U.S. considered N. & S. Italians differently; Kept distinctions between North & South until 1950's |
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Italian Unification 1859-1919
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Took a very long time; Mussolini unified Italy after WW1
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Italy- The North
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Milan, Venice, Florence
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Northern Italian Stereotypes
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Skilled: craftsmen, artists, farmers;
Educated: Milan & Florence considered birthplace of modern education; Money: big business, vineyards; Light Skinned; Cosmopolitan: understand different cultures, know other languages, meeting place of East/West; Some Protestant; Diverse & Advanced |
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Italy- The South
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Rome, Naples, Sicily
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Southern Italian Stereotypes
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Illiterate: 85% couldn't sign their names;
Lowest class (peasants): worked as tenant farmers for 100's of years, land is owned by individuals & groups; Non-skilled farmers: not educated; No money; Considered "backwards": slow & retarded, even by N. Italians; Darker skinned |
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Northern Italians & Immigration to America
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Came in Formative Wave (26,000);
land was pull factor, were skilled workers/craftsmen w/ money; Everyone assimilated: only way to tell they are Italian was by their last name |
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Where did N. Italians settle?
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California- wine
Florida- citrus, needed right climate, away from WASPs ^both under Spanish Control NY: restaurant & grocery store owners Could have set Stereotypes by WASPs |
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The Southern Italian Family
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Only Institution for S. Italians: No Gov't, no police force, religious institutions, etc;
Family controls 'village', Head of family is most powerful man (not necessarily the oldest); Dont recognize Gov't or God, they believe God has completely abandoned them; Dont trust anyone outside of the family |
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Amoral Familism
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Family is everything, there is nothing else outside of the family;
Head male controls everything Head males don't trust each other and fight for power, which is why they can't have a society Most important thing is to keep the families 'honor' |
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S. Italian Men & Honor
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Males: In the work sphere (public), represent the family n a day-to-day basis; Deal with different people, communicate outside the family; Involved in Vendettas
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S. Italian Women & Honor
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Females: Kept inside their home (private), don't communicate w/ anyone outside the family, Honor Family with virginity, promised to another family when their born & married at 13 (to link families together)
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Vendetta
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Getting back at someone for doing something wrong to your family, happen all the time
i.e. Romeo & Juliet |
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Southern Italian Weddings
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Link families together, girl married at 13;
Ceremony starts in a church w/ husband, wife, two fathers; two Day celebration follows, put on by the brides family (only time men & women can see different families; after village walks pair to bed The bride makes the bed w/ sheets she's sewn & everyone watches & listens outside; husbands family won't trust her until she has a child |
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"Showing of the Sheets"
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Morning after consummation sheets are hung up for everyone to see; If no blood, not a virgin;
If she had sex w/ him before, he'll find something to bleed, if she didn't & no blood, marriage is off, starts Vandetta Dishonors her family, public shame; 2 choices: Prostitution or Nunery |
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Southern Italy's Religion
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Catholics: religious but don't go to church, only go for certain things; can still be spiritual without going to church, don't like the building; consist of institutional and non-institutional Catholics
Pray to Virgin Mary, saints; always have a rosary; Mini shrine in house: Crucifix, red bleeding candle of Jesus, statues of saints & Virgin Mary |
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Institutional Catholics
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Concerned with going to heaven; They pray about their guilt & salvation
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Non-Institutional Catholics
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Take life day-to-day bc their lives suck;
Magic: believe in love charms & hexes; don't associate it w/ the Devil like institutional Catholics do |
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What are the only 3 times a Southern Italian would go to church?
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1. To be Baptized
2. To be Married 3. Their funeral |
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Southern Italians & Immigration to America
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2nd Wave;
Push Factors: overpopulation, natural disasters, taxes (tithe); Mt. Persuvius: ash destroys the soil, crops can't grow Pull Factors: Industrial Revolution 1880 Don't come with money, save up money to send best male candidate (like the Irish), women can't go bc they can't leave house |
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S. Italians & Return Migration
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Most think 5yrs. is enough time to make money and go back;
1880: 70% return to Italy 1920: 20% return to Italy ^Immigration Laws, Things got worse in Italy (WW1, depression, Nat. Disasters); didn't want to assimilate Brought the $ with them (around $1 billion), changed Italy forever: built roads, railroads, airports, etc. |
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S. Italians and Chain Migration
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Practiced chain migration to bring wife & children over; Came over on steamboats w/ kitchens (no coffin ships)
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Southern Italians in America
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5 million, live in Ethnic Enclaves: "Little Italy's"- NYC, Boston largest
Women worked in sweat shops at home |
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Padrone
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A person linked to your village or family, usually through marriage, got you a place to live and a job, wanted part of your salary in return
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Southern Italian Tenemants
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Friends stayed in same tenement as you; enemies in different tenements
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S. Italian Family life in America
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Head of family rules, arranged marriages all still in US;
Children put in factories, education NOT important (don't trust public schools); start working at 4 yrs. old; climbed under machines & remove things stuck in them Girls stop working at 11-12 and are prepared for marriage, boys until they die; don't care they are making less $ by not join to school bc they are helping the family |
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Mutual Aid Societies
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Other immigrant groups control Catholic church; Italians hate this, so they refuse to go to church;
Families who like each other join up to creates these mutual aid societies to help each other out i.e. food, work; represent 3-4 families, most money kept in these societies Over 500 in NYC |
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The Mafia
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Started out as a Mutual Aid Society in Sicily for almost 1000 years;
Means "place of refuge" Is a Gov't system in Sicily, had savings accounts together; didn't start out as crime organization |
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Cosa Nostra
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"our thing"
Decided to make money on the side by selling illegal liquor in the 1920's; 1st organized crime |
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"Mafia Myth"
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All Southern Italians are involved in organized crime, and they're all in the Mafia
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"Yellow Press"
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Printing lies in real newspapers; newspapers in smear campaign against Italians, ONLY talked about italians
Owned by Jews, possibly to cover up the Ash mob |
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Reality of the Mafia
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Involved in Prohibiton, can now send children to college (become family doctor, lawyer, accountant, etc.); make $$; only .0002% of Italians are actually involved
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Al Capone
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Huge Italian-American Gangster & successful Mafia leader
Poster child, never tried for his crimes but was eventually arrested for tax evasion |
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20th Century Italian-Americans
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Blue collar work (can get out of school at 13)- skilled, not highly educated; work as policemen, firemen, in waste management, etc.
Women go outside home, stay in school, marry outside Italian families; change in image |
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Italian-Americans Today
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Little Italy's in all major cities;
Difference between those who live in ethnic enclaves to those who don't: If you stay- keep culture, food, speak Italian & English (Italian is 2nd largest language in US) Still in blue collar jobs; lower class; People believe when there was a mass immigration of Hispanics that Southern Italians became white |
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Difference between Northern & Southern Italians Today
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Northern Italians are highly educated and upper-class; still look down on Southern Italians
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What caused the Immigration Restrictions?
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1. Nativism/Xenophobia
2. New Immigrants; get weirder |
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How many Immigrants are coming?
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Didn't know how to count all of the Immigrants, so they created Ellis Island
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Ellis Island 1892-1954
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Immigrant processing center for new immigrants; 12 million went through there
Class based: Anyone in 1st/2nd Class cabins get right in; steerage passengers have to get off the boat- Center could only process a few hundred at a time, and boats had thousands, so people had to wait outside Immigrants MUST have round-trip ticket; when they get in they trade ticket for $$; pay for ferry off Ellis Island |
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The Quota Acts
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Way to say who can't come into the country without ACTUALLY saying who can't come in
1. Quotas/Census Year 2. Total # of Immigrants |
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Immigration Act of 1921
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Restricted the # of immigrants admitted from another country annually to 3% of the # of residents of that same country as of the 1910 census, lasts 3 years
Ex. 1 million Ashkenazic Jews in 1910, 3% of 1 million= 30,000, so 30,000 were allowed to immigrate that year 357,000 immigrants came to America that year from ALL ethnic groups |
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Immigration Act of 1924
(Johnson-Reed Act or National Origins Act) |
Johnson & Reed didn't think Immigration Act was working, so they changed it; lasted until 1965
Changed the policy from 3% of the 1910 census to 2% of the 1890 census, which cut the total # of immigrants per year to 164,000 |
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Exceptions to the Immigration Acts
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Refugees, political refugees, and neighbors in the hemisphere (Canadians, Mexicans, Cen. and S. Americans, Carribeans)
^We still needed cheap labor, and they were close enough to come work and then leave |
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The Immigration & Nationality Act of 1965
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Based on Hemispheres: 170,000 people from the Eastern Hemisphere allowed in to US compared to 120,000 in the Western Hemisphere, BUT only 20,000 total from each country (included Mexico now)
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Question of Illegals
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We see massive illegal immigration after 1965 & we don't know what to do about it; consider building a fence and the border patrol, but don't finish wall; also consider cutting them off from services
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Immigration Control & Reform Act of 1986
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Made employers show 'Burden of Proof': show proof of employees legality, and made it illegal to hire illegal immigrants
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Illegal Immigrant Amnesty (Jan. 1 1982)
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US said if you turn yourself in, we will let you stay if you have been here since 1/1/ 1982; most people thought it was a trick, were afraid of being deported; most didn't speak English, so they either didn't know about it or know where to go; hard to prove
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Immigration Act of 1990
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Increased the # of immigrants allowed in the US each year and created a lottery system that randomly assigned a # of visas; 700,000 total
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Visa
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A way to come into the country
Family Visa: If you already have family in the US, you can apply for immediate family to come to the US Job Visa: If you have a skill that no one else in the US has (athletes, models, actresses, etc.) Diversity Visa: If country becomes a new country, some of those people can come to the US Lottery gave out about 55,000 visas, only have 3 months to come here |
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What are the 2 main types of Visas?
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Immigrant Visas and Non-Immigrant Visas
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Visitors Visa
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Doesn't allow you to work, Everyone needs to have a round trip ticket, and can only stay for 3 months; can get it extended, but it costs $$; only free visa
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K-1 Visa
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Fiancé visa; immigrant visa; need to apply outside of the country, allowed to work
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F-1 Visa
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Student Visa; non-immigrant visa, has a time limit, limits where you can work, only for university students
You pay for the visa form; if you get denied, you already paid, don't get $ back |
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Invisible Visa
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When traveling to other countries, like for vacation
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I-485 Status
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"Green Card"- permanent resident; expensive to apply, sometimes people wait years; Not permanent at first (only good 2 yrs. to start off), then apply again, then its good for next 10 yrs.; must re-apply every ten yrs.
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Citizenship Test
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Have to be resident for 5 years, if married to a citizen only 3 years; costs thousands of dollars; can take test in any language (if you do, you must have an interview to prove you speak English)
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Who are the exceptions to the Citizenship Test?
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People who are refugees or were granted political asylum
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How many immigrants do we allow today?
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1 million per year
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Hispanic Mosiac: Definition of Hispanic
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Someone who came from a certain part of the world i.e. Central America, South America, Mexico (largest country is Brazil- kinda wrong bc they originated in Portugal), NOT Carribean- not everyone is hispanic, MOSTLY not hispanic
Has to have Spanish influence: Spanish discovered or colonized it, don't have to speck Spanish Spanish IS NOT Hispanic Mixture of 3 cultures: Spanish, Indiginous(native people), and African; the more white you are, the better |
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Hispanic Religion & Language
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Religion: Roman Catholicism; Most Hispanics practice non-institutionalized Catholicism, don't actively attend church but are very religious
Language: Most speak Spanish; In US- either bilingual or only speak English |
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Mexico
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Colonized by Spain in 1521; Mexican territory was all of Texas & some of Louisiana
The Borderlands- 1st movement |
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Ethnic Hierarchy
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1. White
2. Mestizo 3. Mulatto 4. Mexican 5. Black |
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White Hispanics
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Not WASPs; 100% Spanish, no drop of dark blood at all
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Mestizo
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Mixed race, can look 100% Spanish, but their background (drop of dark blood) puts them there
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Mulatto
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Mixed with Africans; clearly see this person is mixed- dark skin
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Mexicans
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The people who were there before the Spanish; "Native Americans"
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Blacks
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Slaves in Mexico
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"The Borderlands"
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TX, AZ, NM, CA
Most who lived here were Mestizo & Mulatto; Spanish owned all land in Mexico, mixed race child can NEVER inherit it Mixed race: like 2nd, 3rd son in Italy- have $, can't own land; went up & found ranching Considered bad land by the whites |
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The Mission & the mission
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2 purposes: to save souls & $; The Spanish tried to Christianize everyone
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The Mission
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Catholic church setting up a church & commune for the native people to interact with the Spanish
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the mission
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to take over as much land as possible & become profitable ike their father
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American Expansion into Mexico
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Americans moved West & bought Mexican/Spanish property & grew cotton;
Texas seemed wonderful to Americans; they heard rumors about NM & other parts of TX that its like the cotton growing parts; Also started hearing about gold mountain in California Not America yet, but considered next best thing |
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Texas Independence & War
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Americans declared independence for a day in the land they bought from Mexicans; when they declared, US decided to side with Americans, led to war
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The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
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Americans won & took a lot of the territory; ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Gave US all territories in the West; US paid 50 million for the land even though we won the war
We allowed the 80,000 Mexicans in the West to become US citizens; 2,000 left, 78,000 stayed |
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Problems in the West
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Land: Deed was given to the Mexicans by the Spanish, so the US took over all the ranches & put them up for auction; the WASPs bought them
Labor: Mexicans took on manual labor jobs after losing ranches; problem was people weren't need everyday; job today, no job tomorrow |
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Mexican Revolution: 2nd Movement (1910-1930)
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Dictator Porfirio Diaz pushed for industrialization; tried to bring in railroads, etc. and get rid of agricultural factors, US helped
By end of Revolution, a lot of their territories were owned by US; Americans took advantage of cheap labor |
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Profiero Diaz
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Dictator of Mexico; made the Mexicans poorest people in the World
Made sure Mexicans didn't have jobs, got rid of public schools (90% illiteracy rate); he promoted that America was better & Mexico was inferior, supported immigration |
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Peons
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Made the Mexicans change from middle class & skilled laborers to jobless people who don't know what their job will be the next day; 1.5 million people move out of Mexico, when US was under Quota Act, though all Mexicans were allowed to go
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Mexican Pull Factor
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Migrant farm work- US needed cheap labor, farm work was temporary, only hired for a few weeks; went back to Mexico often, especially in winter months, brought $ to their families
Not considered migration bc their time in America was temporary, which is why we don't count them |
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The Bracero Program (1942-1964)
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"Guest Workers"- US considered them guest workers, 50,000 people a year (given cards); by the end we had issued 4.5 million cards, can still come even if your not in the program
Shut down after acts changed-Birth of Illegal migration |
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Panchucos
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Started hanging out in public places, but eventually became known as gangs bc of stereotypes; bad reps., didn't have rivals; WASPs liked being indoors
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Zoot Suit Riots (1943)
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Zoot: bright colored, baggy pants, long coat, fedora; didn't want to dress like regular Americans
Rioted for a murder trial; made it clear they were being treated differently & they just wanted to show their culture |
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Mendez vs, Westminster, CA (1947)
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Segregated schools for Mexicans & Whites
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Chicano Movement
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celebrated Mexican-American culture, considered unassimilatable bc of their skin color; started taking Mexican history classes, learning Spanish & how to cook traditional Mexican food; most people involved were 3rd & 4th generation
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La Raza
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Art drawn in public (graffiti)
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Operation Wetback (1955)
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Eisenhower's program of racial profiling, allowed cops to arrest anyone who looked illegal; profiled Mexicans; 80,000 deported, 700,000-800,000 fled in fear of being deported bc if your deported, you can NEVER come back
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Reform & Control Act
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Reagans act that was going to try to fix illegal immigration problem by making employees show employers proof of citizenship
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Correlation between Xenophobia & Economics
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Illegal Immigrants sucking us dry; portrayed as Vampires, blamed illegals for the recession were in, but Mexicans doing all the work that Americans wanted to do for less $ (if legal workers picked tomatoes, it'd be $7/pound)
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Mexican-Americans Today
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Didn't have $, came here to earn it
1.5 million came over; live in borderlands |
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Mexican-American Stereotypes
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dirty, violent, ALL illegal
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Myth of the Illegal Immigrant
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All Hispanics are illegal, and ALL Hispanics are Mexican
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How many LEGAL Mexicans are in America today?
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28.3 million
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How many ILLEGAL Mexicans are in America today?
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12 million
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Mexican-American Religion Today
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Still non-institutional Catholics- practice with shrines, pray with rosary, always think about religion, magic
Different: they go to church more now |
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Mexican-American Education
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Typically don't stress education; seen as an assimilation technique & would rather keep their culture
Changed drastically- they help each other to set up scholarships bc parents can't afford to send kids to college |
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The Dream Act
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Illegal immigrants are allowed to go to public school but can't go to college
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Fulgencio Batista
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"Puppet Dictator" of Cuba
He sold most of Cuba to the US; playground for rich WASPs |
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Fidel Castro
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Led Cubans who wanted the country for themselves; not controlled by another country
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How long did the First Wave last?
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1959-1962
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26th of July Movement
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Independence movement; 18-24 year old Cubans overthrew Batista & set their own Gov't; Castro was all about Cuba for Cubans
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Socialist/Communist Revolution (1960)
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Rich did not like communism bc they get equalized
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"Golden Exiles"
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No other groups were treated better; mainly came over on yachts & jets; Fidel allowed them to leave
When these people left they took all their money witht hem; 200,000 came over |
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Cuban American Adjustment Act
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Gave Cubans permanent residency
Big Deal, bc other immigrants have to apply & wait for it; literally given a visa & green card at the same time; are allowed to work immediately & given "refugee" status- It was granted bc they were escaping communism |
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Cuban Refugee Program
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Allowed to borrow $ from American banks; total loans were 1.2 billion, were paid back almost immediately- they were good with $
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Where did the Cubans settle?
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Miami, Fl & Union City, NJ
Miami: Planes & boats came here, went to Miami bc it was the closes to Cuba Union City: Planes went here also. Same as Miami, but there were many other immigrants from other places |