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485 Cards in this Set

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The first people to live in the Western Hemisphere began migrating to the Americas about twenty thousand years ago by
following game herds across a land bridge from Asia.
The most aggressive Native American civilization, one based in the conquest of other tribes and the practice of human sacrifice, was that of the
Aztecs in the central valley of Mexico.
The fact that complex Native American civilizations such as the Pueblo and the Mississippian had disappeared prior to European conquest indicates
their vulnerability to natural occurrences such as drought and disease.
Most Western Europeans in 1450 C.E.
ordered their lives by an agricultural calendar.
The practice of primogeniture
forced many younger children in families to join the ranks of the roaming poor.
The most accurate assessment of the Arab role in the development of the Renaissance in Europe is
Europeans were exposed to the work of Arab scholars, who had preserved and extended the scholarship of ancient Greece and Rome.
A major outcome of Spanish contact with the Indian peoples of Mexico was that
European diseases, such as smallpox, spread rapidly, killing millions.
Martin Luther argued all of the following except
people had the duty to rebel against unjust rulers.
Queen Elizabeth of England supported the Dutch in the rebellion against Spain because
as a defender of Protestantism, she sided with Dutch Protestants against Catholic Spain.
The power of Spain declined in the late 1500s because
King Philip undermined the Spanish economy through excessive spending on religious wars.
Mercantilism created economic expansion by
increasing exports and thereby allowing capital to flow into the country.
Which of the following groups did not benefit from the major inflation known as the Price Revolution that hit England in the mid-1500s?
The landed nobility
Between 600 and 1150 C.E., all of the following native cultures developed in the American Southwest except
Choctaw.
The most important factor explaining why the Portuguese were the first in Europe to pursue overseas exploration and discovery was
effective leadership.
Which of the following is true of most Native Americans who lived north of the Rio Grande in 1500 C.E.?
Their clan-based system of government was locally based and worked by consensus, not coercion.
The region of the New World known as Mesoamerica was composed of
present-day Mexico and Guatemala.
Anthropologists believe that Mayan civilization began to decline about
800 C.E., because of an extended drought.
The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice in order to
ensure agricultural fertility and the daily return of the sun.
By 100 C.E., the Hopewell peoples, living in present-day Ohio, had spread their influence throughout North America by
developing an extensive trading network.
In many eastern woodland tribes of North America, notably the Iroquois, important decisions were made by the senior women, and inheritances—including rights to land and other property—passed from mother to daughter. This kind of society would be described as
matrilineal.
Which of the following hierarchies in Europe in 1450 C.E. was the least powerful?
Kings controlling nobles
The Catholic Church served as a unifying force in Western Europe for all of the following reasons except
Church services were held in local languages.
Which of the following best characterizes the political transformation associated with the Renaissance?
Monarchs formed alliances with wealthy merchants and urban artisans against the nobility.
Which of the following was true of African systems of slavery?
People were sometimes sold into slavery by relatives in time of famine.
The Columbian Exchange was important because it
stimulated the growth of population in Europe and Africa.
Martin Luther criticized the sale of indulgences because
only God could provide grace.
John Calvin's ideas emphasized
predestination.
As a result of the policies of Elizabeth I,
a religious compromise was reached in England, in which Protestant doctrines and some Catholic rituals were combined.
Puritans
sought to purify the Church of England.
Spanish power in Europe
declined in the late sixteenth century.
In the Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries, the Spanish crown placed the "pacification" of new lands primarily in the hands of missionaries because
of Spanish military defeats at the hands of Native Americans.
The carefully coordinated rebellion by the Pueblo peoples sought to
reinstate Pueblo religious practices.
French trade among the Indians
led to a series of wars between Indian tribes.
In 1633, the Iroquois people lost one third of their population because of
a smallpox epidemic.
The Dutch colony of New Netherland was largely controlled by
the West India Company.
To attract settlers to its colony, the Virginia Company
granted land to freemen and created a system of representative government.
When King James I assumed royal control over the colony of Virginia in 1624, he made all of the following changes except
he dissolved the House of Burgesses.
The social structure of the Chesapeake colonies was characterized by
few women settlers.
By 1671 the Virginia House of Burgesses had passed laws barring Africans from doing all of the following except
converting to Christianity.
Bacon's Rebellion took place due to
the land needs of impoverished white freeholders and aspiring tenants.
Plymouth Colony had lower mortality rates than Virginia (after the first year) because of all of the following except
Pilgrims studied the climate and geography of New England before leaving Holland.
The Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony differed from the Pilgrim Plymouth Colony in what way?
The Bible was the Puritans' legal guide.
Anne Hutchinson threatened the gender roles of Puritan society by
criticizing ministers.
Historians have explained the Salem witch trials as resulting from all of the following except
a plot to assume control of the church in Salem.
Puritans encouraged the widespread ownership of land by
having proprietors divide the land among the settlers.
Puritans believed that Native Americans possessed no right to their land because
they showed few signs of living on their land.
Puritan praying towns were most similar to
Franciscan missions in New Mexico.
Metacom's war, Opechancanough's uprising, and Pope's rebellion are all examples of what phenomenon?
native alliances opposing European expansion
The growth of the inland fur trade produced all of the following effects except
the immediate decline of the Iroquois Indian cultures.
The fur trade affected Native American women in woodland tribes by
all of the above.
Many Native Americans in New México began to question Spanish rule when
prayer failed to prevent European diseases and drought.
All of the following are reasons that New France attracted few settlers except
French possessions in North America lacked economic potential.
Following wars and epidemics, Iroquois tribes replenished their depleted population
by adopting prisoners into their tribes.
French Jesuit missionaries
won converts by addressing Indian needs.
One reason why the Dutch colony at New Netherland did not thrive was that
the Dutch Republic was relatively prosperous, and few Dutch felt the need to seek wealth by becoming colonists.
One major difference between the royal colony of Virginia and the proprietary colony of Maryland was that
Virginia had an official church, while Maryland did not.
The status of Africans in Virginia prior to 1660 demonstrates that
personal initiative and religion were as important as race in determining social status.
By passing an Act of Trade and Navigation in 1651, the English parliament wanted to
exclude Dutch merchants from buying Chesapeake tobacco.
The slump in tobacco prices in the 1670s
forced many former indentured servants to sign new indentures.
Bacon's Rebellion resulted in all of the following except
equality between the landed planters and yeomen.
When John Winthrop spoke of the Puritans founding a "City upon a Hill," he meant that
they should be an example to England.
The Puritans dealt with the uncertainty of divine election in all of the following ways except
elaborate, ceremonial worship.
Which best describes how the restoration of the monarchy in England affected Puritans in America?
They began to see their American settlements as permanent.
Puritans favored the local control of government because
they wanted to avoid oppressive taxes levied by a distant government.
Which of the following is not true of Puritan town meetings?
They elected local ministers.
Few Native Americans became full members of Puritan churches because
Puritans demanded that Native Americans understand the complexities of Protestant theology.
By the 1670s, there were
three times as many whites as Indians in New England.
Which of the following statements best characterizes Metacom's war?
The war was costly for both sides.
The fur trade altered tribal politics by
giving increased power to warriors.
The fur trade altered the natural environment
by eliminating some of the beneficial interactions between animals and the landscape.
The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which initially governed the Carolina colony, failed because
colonists rebelled against tobacco taxes.
Pennsylvania differed from other proprietary colonies created by Charles II primarily because it
guaranteed religious freedom.
The creation of the Dominion of New England
placed royal control over colonial politics and trade.
Jacob Leisler's rise to power in New York demonstrated
widespread opposition to rule by royal officials.
The Creek's alliance with Carolina settlers
allowed them to conquer local rivals and become the dominant tribe in the South.
The South Atlantic System brought the most wealth to Britain because
American goods had to pass through England before being sold in Europe.
One way slavery in the Chesapeake differed from slavery in South Carolina was that
the slave population in the Chesapeake increased naturally through reproduction.
The development of the Gullah dialect in South Carolina was a sign of the
ability of enslaved African peoples to transcend their own cultural barriers.
To prevent another uprising like Bacon's Rebellion, by the late 1600s the Chesapeake gentry had begun
lowering taxes on smallholders.
The increasing importance of the maritime economy in the northern colonies had which of the following effects?
It increased the amount of goods shipped from the northern colonies to the Caribbean.
Which statement best describes the role of mob actions in colonial America?
They expressed popular dissatisfaction with unpopular edicts.
Why did the system of patronage appointments during the era of salutary neglect weaken the imperial system?
It led to the appointment of incompetent officials.
British leaders provided a parliamentary subsidy for the new colony of Georgia in the early 1730s because
Georgia provided a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida.
Disgruntled colonists drew on the critiques voiced by the Radical Whigs by
claiming that royal governors abused their patronage powers.
How did the Navigation Acts contribute to the rise of the commercial economy in the colonies?
They allowed Americans to own ships and transport goods.
The early settlers of South Carolina
used both African and Native Americans as slaves.
The Puritan response to the Navigation Acts represents
American resistance to mercantilist policies.
The writings of John Locke
supported the rights of people to control their governments.
The Glorious Revolution changed the imperial governance of the colonies by
freeing merchants and financiers from royal controls.
The diplomatic strategy of the Iroquois demonstrates
the ability of Native Americans to play European nations against each other.
The slave trade altered African societies in all of the following ways except
it increased the wealth of African societies.
What was the powerful African kingdom of Benin known for?
Benin opposed the slave trade and, for a time, prohibited the export of slaves.
Slavery in the Chesapeake was less harsh than in the West Indies in part because
planters could not afford to buy many new slaves.
Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between slave populations and the use of violence by whites?
The more slaves there were in an area, the higher was the level of white violence against blacks.
Which of the following is most responsible for the growth of the northern maritime economy?
Wealth of the British sugar colonies
In what way did colonial assemblies follow the doctrines of English Whigs?
They won control over taxation.
How did American political institutions differ in 1750 compared with 1689?
By 1750, colonial assemblies had limited the powers of crown officials.
Radical Whigs criticized Walpole's policies chiefly because
they claimed that his policies gave the king too much power.
The long-term cause of the tensions between England and Spain that led to the War of Jenkins's Ear was
the expansion of the British colonies southward.
The Molasses Act was passed to
discourage the importation of French molasses.
More women than men joined the churches of New England because women
feared the dangers of childbirth.
During the colonial period, a point of migration for yeoman farm families was
the frontier.
Marriage in New England under English common law
gave the husband legal ownership of the bride's land and personal property.
The population of the New England colonies
doubled with each generation between 1700 and 1750, mostly as a result of natural increase.
Farmers met the threat posed by smaller portions of land in all of the following ways except
by moving to cities.
In the early 1700s, the middle colonies grew prosperous primarily because
a population explosion in Western Europe created a demand for more wheat.
The organization of the "outwork system" in midcentury was primarily due to the
increasing social divisions in the colonies.
French Calvinists who suffered expulsion from their home country and then settled in the American colonies, usually in New York or in seacoast cities, were known as
Huguenots.
German ideas about gender differed from those of English colonists in which of the following ways?
German women took an active role in cultivating crops and, when married, possessed property rights.
By the 1750s, Quaker policies in Pennsylvania had come under fire from all of the following religious groups except
Mennonites.
The central premise of the Enlightenment was that
human reason had the power to observe, understand, and improve the world.
Someone who believes that God created the world but then allowed it to operate according to natural laws, without divine intercession, is a
deist.
Before bringing his religious message to America, George Whitefield became a disciple of John Wesley, best known as the founder of
Methodism.
The central legacy of the Great Awakening was the
movement of religious authority from educated ministers to the believer's direct experience of God.
The Great Awakening challenged the power of the southern planter elite in all of the following ways except
by emphasizing the conversion experience.
The French and Indian War began with
a border dispute over western lands in America among the British, the French, and the Indians.
The French countered British movement into the Ohio River Valley in the early 1750s by building a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio rivers; the fort was called
Fort Duquesne.
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain affected the American colonies in all of the following ways except
Americans were forced to manufacture their own goods, as British manufacturers found more ample markets for their products elsewhere.
The end of the French and Indian War had which effect on the American consumer economy?
The loss of military subsidies prompted an economic recession.
The Paxton Boys incident in Pennsylvania reflected which trend in colonial society?
Growing racial hatred between frontiersmen and Indians
Women on New England farms assumed all of the following duties except
cultivating crops in the fields.
The marriage portion given to children of marriageable age fulfilled all of the following parental goals except
ensuring that children would remain close to home.
Population increases in New England affected parental control over marriage because
parents had less land to give their children in marriage portions.
To make better use of their land, in the mid-1700s many New England farmers replaced traditional English crops with those that provided a greater yield per acre such as
potatoes and corn.
By 1750, the Puritan colonies counted a population of
400,000.
The number of tenants on the vast Dutch manors in the Hudson River Valley in the eighteenth century rose in part because
the landlords began offering longer land leases and expanded rights to tenants.
The Huguenots were
Calvinists expelled from Catholic France in the 1680s.
German migrants to the middle colonies
did not participate in local politics.
The largest group of new migrants to British North America in the mid-eighteenth century was the
Scots-Irish.
Scots-Irish migrants increasingly opposed Quaker policy in the 1740s because they
opposed the colony's pacifism toward Native Americans.
All of the following were Enlightenment thinkers who directly influenced the intellectual climate of the American colonies except
George Whitefield.
The one criticism of traditional churches that devotees of the Great Awakening did not make was that
members of traditional churches were overly emotional.
Old Lights attempted to suppress the Great Awakening in all of the following ways except
holding revivals to compete with New Light services.
The notion that conversion and knowing God's grace rather than education in theology and knowledge of the Bible were what imbued an individual with ministerial authority was argued in The Dangers of an Unconverted Ministry by
Gilbert Tennent.
The Baptist sect attracted African Americans primarily because
its message declared all people to be equal in God's eyes.
The Albany Plan of Union, which proposed the establishment of a continental assembly among the American colonies to oversee trade and defense, was principally the work of
Benjamin Franklin.
British and New England troops expelled French Catholic Acadians (Nova Scotians) from their farms in 1755 as a result of
the English policy of colonial expansion.
The British passed the Proclamation of 1763, which temporarily barred Anglo-Americans from settling west of the Appalachians, because they wanted to
address Indian concerns about control over western lands in the wake of Pontiac's Rebellion.
All of the following issues were at the center of the land disputes that erupted in several colonies in the late colonial period except
a lack of available land in the western Carolinas upon which new arrivals could settle.
The primary grievance of the Regulators in North Carolina was
the confiscation of bankrupt tobacco farmers' property.
Why did the Radical Whigs criticize the reorganization of the empire?
They claimed that a large, expensive government placed the nation at the mercy of banks and financiers.
In 1763, Radical Whigs launched a campaign to reform Parliament by abolishing tiny districts that were controlled by wealthy aristocrats and merchants; these electoral districts were known as
rotten boroughs.
American merchants resented the Sugar Act, even though it reduced the tariff on French molasses, because
many merchants had long smuggled French molasses and had never paid the duty.
Among British political leaders, the only one who openly supported a proposal made by Benjamin Franklin for American representation in Parliament was
William Pitt.
The major transformation of the British empire following the Great War for Empire can best be characterized as
a centralization of power and authority in the hands of imperial officials.
In 1765, delegates from nine American colonies gathered to protest British taxes on the colonies in a meeting called the
Stamp Act Congress.
In an effort to criticize the crown as part of their resistance to the Stamp Act, one colonist tried to revive antimonarchy sentiment associated with the Puritan Revolution in England by sending a protest letter to a Boston newspaper under the name of
Oliver Cromwell.
Colonial opponents of the Stamp Act drew which of the following political traditions from the Radical Whig influence in English politics?
An abiding denunciation of political corruption
Why was the Restraining Act so threatening to colonists?
It declared American governmental institutions to be completely dependent on the will of Parliament.
Benjamin Franklin's idea for reorganizing the British empire following Lord North's compromise involved
colonial independence from parliamentary control while remaining loyal to the king.
The Coercive Acts included all of the following except
new tea act that raised the tax on tea.
The one region of colonial America that held out for a political compromise with Britain after the enactment of the Coercive Acts was
the Middle Atlantic colonies.
The onset of war between Britain and the mainland colonies began with a skirmish between British troops and American colonials at
Lexington.
Which of the following incidents was not a part of the increasing friction between the Patriots and the British during 1775?
Thomas Paine published Common Sense.
Thomas Jefferson's understanding of the "self-evident truths" of "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" were drawn from the ideas and rhetoric of
the European Enlightenment.
All of the following were motives for a larger British military presence in the American colonies after 1763 except
removing Native Americans from land west of the Appalachians.
The Great War for Empire
led to a fundamental change in the relationship between Britain and its American colonies.
The British ministry shrewdly drafted the Sugar Act of 1764 with the intention of
allowing colonial trade with the West Indies while imposing a lower but more strictly enforced duty on French molasses.
What was the primary American complaint against being tried in vice-admiralty courts?
Trial by a vice-admiralty court robbed Americans of their right to be tried before a local common-law court.
What constitutional principle was George Grenville asserting with the Stamp Act?
Parliament could bypass colonial assemblies and impose an internal tax on the colonies.
The Stamp Act Congress met in order to
humbly petition the king for repeal of the Stamp Act.
Evangelical Protestants stirred by the religious passions of the Great Awakening joined mobs opposing the Stamp Act because they
resented the arrogance of British military officers and the corruption of royal bureaucrats.
Educated colonists drew on three intellectual traditions to justify their opposition to British policies, including all of the following except
accommodationism.
The primary purpose of the Townshend Act of 1767 was to
free royal officials from financial dependence on the American legislatures.
What did the compromise over the Townshend duties demonstrate about the relationship between Parliament and the colonies?
Some Americans would have to be subdued by force if Parliament continued to exercise sovereignty.
The only mainland British colony not represented at the First Continental Congress was
Georgia.
Loyalists had a strong following among all of the following groups except
small, yeoman farm families in the northern colonies.
The Second Continental Congress's passage of both a petition expressing loyalty to King George III and the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms is proof that
the Congress was sharply split between moderates and radicals.
After Patriots in the House of Burgesses forced the royal governor to flee, he responded by
branding them as "traitors" and organizing two military forces—one white and one black—to oppose them.
Many Scots-Irish artisans and laborers in Philadelphia became Patriots because they
had fled oppressive British control in northern Ireland.
During the Revolutionary War, the British had the advantage over the Americans in all of the following areas except
the support of the local population.
Washington's surprise attack across the Delaware River on Christmas night
was followed by another small victory at nearby Princeton.
The Americans' victory at the Battle of Saratoga was crucial to their ultimate victory over the British for all of the following reasons except
state governments took advantage of increased American morale in order to raise taxes and supply the Continental army with much-needed cash.
Despite overwhelming superiority, the British failed to win during the first year of the war for all of the following reasons except
the currencies issued by the Continental Congress and the individual states boosted the colonial economy and Patriot morale.
Baron von Steuben played a critical role in the American Revolution when he
instituted new training that toughened American soldiers.
The French alliance affected the American cause in all of the following ways except
it stirred the resentment of southern whites who objected to the French use of black laborers in their army.
The French government's willingness to support the Patriots' cause was triggered by
France's intention of avenging its loss of Canada to the British in the Great War for Empire.
The British decided on their "southern strategy" because
the French presence made them wary of overcommitting their troops throughout the colonies and leaving their colonies in the West Indies vulnerable to French machinations.
Local militia contributed significantly to all of the following Revolutionary War battles except
Camden in 1780.
The events leading to the military defeat of Cornwallis saw all of the following developments except
an American victory at the great pitched battle outside of Yorktown.
Pennsylvania's democratic constitution
alarmed many leading Patriots.
The Articles of Confederation
left to each state various rights and powers while uniting all under a central government with authority in foreign and domestic affairs of state.
In the West, the Congress of the Confederation
both restricted and allowed for the expansion of slavery.
A postwar crisis developed for all of the following reasons except
the British threatened to invade America from Canada.
Shays's Rebellion was essentially a struggle about the
lack of debtor-relief legislation.
The nationalists took all of the following assertive actions to ensure the establishment of a stronger central government except
submitting the Constitution to the state legislatures for unanimous consent for ratification.
The Virginia Plan differed from the New Jersey Plan in that it
gave the national government the power to overturn state laws.
Chesapeake slave owners lobbied the Constitutional Convention for
an end to the Atlantic slave trade.
The Constitution offered to the states for ratification in 1787 achieved all of the following except
investing Congress with full and immediate power to regulate immigration.
The Federalists won ratification for all of the following reasons except
as shrewd politicians, they promised special favors in return for votes in state ratification campaigns.
General Howe advanced on Philadelphia in 1777 rather than reinforcing Burgoyne in Albany, New York, because he
believed that by taking the home of the Continental Congress, he would draw Washington into a decisive battle and end the war with one major British victory.
At the outset, the Continental army was an ineffective fighting force for all of the following reasons except
Washington was given many more troops to train and organize than he had expected.
The Battle of Saratoga was a crucial victory for the Patriots because
the Americans gained much needed equipment, saw morale boosted, and garnered support from the French for the cause of American independence.
Which of the following was not experienced by civilians during the Revolutionary War?
Loyalists forced Patriots to publicly swear loyalty oaths to the crown in British-controlled areas.
Because the states and Congress printed large quantities of paper money during the first years of the Revolutionary War,
rapid inflation drove up the prices of goods, causing widespread social unrest as well as wavering support coupled with extremely limited supplies for Patriot troops.
France and America were unlikely allies for all of the following reasons except
France and America both hoped to win control of the slave trade.
The British responded to the French-American alliance by altering their military strategy in which of the following ways?
They refocused their military campaign to protect the British West Indies, and they launched an invasion of the richer southern colonies.
Britain's first step in implementing its southern strategy was to
invade and take control of Georgia.
General Nathanael Greene made maximum use of undisciplined local militiamen in the South by
dividing them into small groups headed by strong leaders and using them to harass British troops.
The terms of the Treaties of Paris and Versailles in 1783 included all of the following except
the return of Canada to the French.
John Adams's plan for government
adapted British Whig notions of mixed government to the new republic.
Radical Patriots were able to take power and create truly democratic institutions only in
Pennsylvania and Vermont.
Abigail Adams demanded
equal legal rights for married women.
Although some Patriots demanded that Loyalists forfeit their lands following the war, most state governments rejected this argument because
they believed in the republican ideal of the protection of private property.
The land policy of the Congress of the Confederation accomplished all of the following except
the temporary admission of a new state in present-day eastern Tennessee.
Which of the following men was not at the Philadelphia convention?
John Adams
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention protected southern slave owners by
allowing owners to reclaim their fugitive slaves hiding in other states.
Who among the following former Patriots was not an Antifederalist?
George Washington
James Madison, coauthor of The Federalist--now viewed as a classical work of republican political theory--argued that special interest groups
were dangerous in a small republic but could be controlled in a large republic.
All of the following statements are true about Virginia's ratification of the Constitution in June 1788 except
it gave Federalists the nine states they needed to put the Constitution into effect.
The immediate result of the passage of the Bill of Rights was
the pacification of irate Antifederalists, which reinforced the legitimacy of the Constitution.
In his financial program, Alexander Hamilton wanted to
empower the central government by connecting its interests to those of the elite.
Thomas Jefferson objected to Alexander Hamilton's proposal for a national bank because it
went beyond a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Two political factions grew out of the Federalists as a result of conflict over
Alexander Hamilton's fiscal programs.
Jay's controversial Treaty of 1795 with the British included all of the following stipulations except
a return of property confiscated from Loyalists during the Revolution.
American Indian policy from 1790 to 1820 included all of the following except
allowing native peoples, as independent nations, to negotiate and establish alliances with any other country.
Native Americans objected to the Treaty of Paris because it
classified them as conquered peoples and gave their lands to the United States.
Slavery thrived in the new lands of the Old Southwest because of
an expansion of cotton production.
New western lands opened by the Treaty of Paris were
primarily controlled by rich speculators.
Jefferson's presidency was characterized by
smaller government, a decrease in the national debt, more states' rights, and an expansive western policy.
The Embargo Act of 1807 was
an imaginative but naive policy that hurt Americans more than anyone else.
Pressure for war with Britain came primarily from
western Republicans who saw British support for the Indians as a threat to American expansion.
In regard to the War of 1812, the American people were
deeply divided along party lines; the Federalist merchants in the Northeast were opposed to war, while most Republicans supported the war.
The War of 1812 was
going badly for the United States when it ended.
All of the following describe the ideas and principles of Chief Justice John Marshall except
he believed in the primacy of state laws over federal laws.
As treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton issued reports on all of the following economic and social issues except
slavery.
Among the following ideas, the only one Thomas Jefferson did not believe in was
the abolition of slavery in the South.
How did the French Revolution and the subsequent Europe-wide conflict affect the American economy?
American merchants profited handsomely from the war.
The Republicans won the election in 1800 because
John Adams's administration had enacted the Alien and Sedition Acts.
In 1798, the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures issued resolutions that argued for
the right of states to overturn federal law.
Handsome Lake's religious revivals differed from other Native American ceremonies because
he tried to combine Christian and Native American beliefs.
American cotton revenues rose in large part because of
the development of new machines for processing cotton.
The settlement of western lands
prompted numerous changes in eastern agricultural techniques.
Napoleon Bonaparte decided to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for all of the following reasons except
President Jefferson sending the U.S. Navy to threaten France.
The Constitution offered no provision for the acquisition of territory, leading Thomas Jefferson to justify his purchase of Louisiana
through a loose but pragmatic interpretation of the Constitution.
Inspired by the teachings of his brother, Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee war chief Tecumseh
mobilized the western Indian peoples for war with the United States.
Officially, the United States declared war on Great Britain in June 1812 because
the British refused to alter their policy of ignoring American neutrality and continued the impressment of Americans into the Royal Navy.
Following the War of 1812, the Treaty of Ghent
restored prewar borders and left unresolved issues open to further debate.
The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States in the case of
McCulloch v. Maryland.
John Quincy Adams's years as secretary of state were marked by
a series of treaties solidifying American borders.
In 1816 Congress created
the Second Bank of the United States.
The primary cause of the Panic of 1819 was
a worldwide drop in the price of agricultural goods.
One of the early successes in solving transportation problems in the United States was the construction of the Lancaster Turnpike in 1794 in
Pennsylvania.
State governments dug shallow rivers to make
canals.
The commonwealth system involved all of the following policies except
high tariffs against imports.
In Letters from an American Farmer (1782), J. Hector St. Jean de Crvecoeur praised the American people for their
creation of a new social order that rejected elitist practices and hereditary aristocracy.
The new republicanized and sentimentalized view of marriage led to all of the following developments except
couples having more children.
The idea of republican motherhood was first formulated by
political theorists who wanted to ensure republican virtue.
The concept of republican motherhood constituted
a limited revision of traditional domestic roles for women.
All of the following people promoted public investment in the improvement of America's educational system except
farmers, artisans, and laborers.
The Quakers took the lead in condemning slavery because
their belief in religious and social equality led them to take this stance.
A major slave revolt that nearly broke out in Virginia in 1800 was led by
Gabriel Prosser.
When Congress ended legal American participation in the Atlantic slave trade,
southern congressmen reacted strongly in the defense of slavery.
In 1817 influential Americans who were worried about the impact of slavery and race on society founded
the American Colonization Society.
An important political compromise formed in Congress in 1820 between northern and southern states over the spread of slavery is known as the
Missouri Compromise.
One of the first important pieces of legislation shaping the early development of American religion in the United States was
Thomas Jefferson's Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom.
The less-popular successor to the Church of England in the United States was the
Episcopalian Church.
The Unitarians' emphasis on logic and free will, drawn from Enlightenment ideals, was
a rejection of Calvinists' emphasis on human depravity and weakness.
The American Education Society and the Bible Society were examples of
interdenominational missionary societies.
Women demonstrated their moral piety in all of the following ways except
by maintaining a stoic presence at religious services and camp meetings.
The First Bank of the United States was intended to
stimulate economic growth by granting commercial credit.
The goods produced by New England farm families were
sold in far-flung markets and door-to-door across the United States by peddlers.
Most American manufacturing took place
in homes.
The effects of the new market economy included
environmental pollution and longer work hours.
The 1795 Massachusetts Mill Dam Act
overrode common law to safeguard the rights of millers and manufacturers at the expense of nearby landowners.
Originating in the Romantic movement in Europe, sentimentalism was reflected in the behavior of Americans in all of the following ways except
the compulsion of some guilt-ridden masters to free their slaves.
The American birthrate declined for all of the following reasons except
men and women married not for love but for the promise of money and social status.
Which republican-minded American argued that women should receive intellectual training in order to be suitable companions for their husbands?
Benjamin Rush
Republicanism transformed parenting for some couples by directing them to
encourage self-control, responsibility, education, and independence in their children.
In the early nineteenth century, Noah Webster argued for
an end to American dependence on foreign influences in regard to language.
The North and South
in theory and in practice adopted different forms of republicanism.
Gabriel Prosser of Virginia
plotted a mass uprising as the means to emancipation.
Many northerners hoped that slavery would die out because of
the decline of the tobacco economy.
The American Colonization Society
wished to emancipate southern slaves and send them, along with free blacks from the North, to Africa.
The Missouri Compromise
preserved the Union by accommodating regional interests.
The Second Great Awakening differed from the First Great Awakening in that it
generated interest in non-Calvinist denominations and created new organizations.
In the South, Methodist and Baptist evangelical preachers
adapted their sermons to support the rule of white, slaveholding planters.
Black preachers emphasized those portions of scripture that
affirmed the spiritual equality of all men, black or white.
The most famous Unitarian minister of the early nineteenth century was
William Ellery Channing.
The ideals of religious benevolence and disinterested virtue
linked individual salvation with social reform.
Factories relied on which of the following to increase productivity?
Division of labor
British textile manufacturers possessed all of the following advantages over American manufacturers except
abundant cotton production at home.
The Waltham plan was a revolutionary change for American industry because it
cut labor costs by hiring women and girls.
The development of machine tools is significant because they
produced equipment that manufactured standardized parts rapidly and cheaply.
The National Trades' Union, mutual benefit societies, and the labor theory of value are all examples of
working-class attempts to gain some control over wages and working conditions.
When southern cotton producers expanded and moved west, they moved primarily to
Missouri and Arkansas.
The Erie Canal was so successful because it
linked the economies of the Midwest and the Northeast.
In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court struck down a New York law that created a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City, an important ruling because it
prevented state and local laws from restricting interstate trade.
Cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans grew rapidly in the 1830s because
they were located at points where goods were transferred from one mode of transportation to another.
New York City's economic advantages included all of the following except
the fact that it was the state capital.
The publication of Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography
made popular the concept of the self-made man.
The free workers who faced the worst working and living conditions were
casual laborers.
A major result of the growth of revivalism and reform was
the growth of a common set of values that linked the business elite to the middle class.
In which of the following ways were the concepts of the self-made man and moral free agency similar?
They both stressed the importance of self-improvement and moral discipline.
The two million Irish who entered the United States between 1840 and 1860 encountered discrimination because they were
Catholic.
The modern factory was an example of
new organizational techniques.
American textile manufacturers eventually outcompeted British textile producers by
getting protective tariffs from the federal government.
American manufacturers turned to women as a source of labor because
women would work for lower wages than would most men.
American mechanical institutes were important because they
spread mechanical knowledge and skills.
Labor unions fought for all of the following except
prohibition of alcohol in the workplace.
The Market Revolution in America was set in motion by the construction of
a system of canals and roads to link the coastal states with each other and with the trans-Appalachian west.
An interconnected transportation network, the growth of industry along similar patterns, and a similar ethnic composition all were evidence of
increasingly close regional ties between the Northeast and the Midwest.
n 1820, faced with a demand for cheap farmsteads, Congress
reduced the price of federal land.
Civic leaders throughout the Northeast sought to duplicate the success of the Erie Canal because they
wanted to compete for western trade.
Fast-growing western cities had what in common?
lourishing commercial centers
One consequence of the Industrial Revolution in America during the 1830s and 1840s was that it
increased the standard of living of many Americans.
The rise of the business class changed the social order by
increasing the differences between manufacturers and their employees.
Opposition to the Benevolent Empire came from
white southerners.
Charles Grandison Finney is chiefly known for
all of the above
Nativist clubs were formed to support, among other causes,
the exclusive use of the Protestant version of the Bible in public schools.
One criticism of political democracy from Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America was that
the best people were seldom chosen to lead.
The democratization of politics in the 1820s was the result of all of the following except
the extension of the franchise to women.
As president, John Quincy Adams's support of the American System led to his backing all of the following except
Indian removal from lands desired by white settlers.
The group that stood to benefit the most from the Tariff of 1828 was
northeastern manufacturers.
In the election of 1828, Andrew Jackson drew support from all of the following groups except
northeastern manufacturers.
The practice of appointing loyal members of the winning party in an election to public office, as occurred under President Jackson, became known as
the spoils system.
The fundamental purpose behind South Carolina's nullification of the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832 was to
check federal power before it could be used to abolish slavery.
President Jackson vetoed the rechartering of the Second Bank
and justified his decision with a masterful public statement that led to his victory in the 1832 election.
President Jackson strengthened the presidency when he did all of the following except
use the power of the federal government to construct roads and implement protective tariffs.
Andrew Jackson's legacy included all of the following except
he weakened the Union and advocated states' rights.
The Whig Party included all of the following groups except
northern immigrants.
Following the election of 1836, politically active workers tended to support
the Democrats.
The Panic of 1837 was caused by
the Bank of England's decision to curtail the flow of money and credit to the United States.
Whig success was undermined almost as soon as it was acquired because
William Henry Harrison died only a month into office and was succeeded by John Tyler.
The new Democratic coalition included all of the following except
Protestant reformers.
European observers of American democracy generally agreed that
democracy was inherently unworkable.
Expansion of the franchise advanced the development of political parties because
politicians had to organize their appeal to newly enfranchised voters.
Martin Van Buren used the Albany Argus newspaper to promote his belief that political parties
were the best means of curbing government power.
John Quincy Adams favored the American System because
he wanted to help northern businessmen and commercial farmers.
The presidential election of 1824 was the last stand of the notables because
elections after 1824 would be dominated by modern parties with broad social bases.
Andrew Jackson's first priority upon entering office was to
destroy the American System.
The nullification controversy developed over southern resistance to
high protective tariffs.
In his view of states' rights, John C. Calhoun believed that
a state convention could declare a federal law null and void within that state's borders.
The rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States became an issue in 1832 because
ackson's opponents wanted to use the issue to hurt the Democrats.
In his Supreme Court decisions regarding the Cherokees and the state of Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the
Indian peoples were "domestic dependent nations" but also "distinct political communities" with rights to their lands.
The creation of the Whig Party resulted in
a two-party system where both parties used similar methods to gain popular support.
The Whigs differed from the Democrats in which of the following ways?
They believed that the wealthy should govern.
John C. Calhoun believed that
the ideal of equal opportunity was not practical.
The Independent Treasury Act required the federal government to
keep federal funds in government vaults.
The log cabin campaign was most noteworthy for
the use of modern campaign tactics by the Whigs.
The creation of the Whig Party resulted in
a two-party system where both parties used similar methods to gain popular support.
The Whigs differed from the Democrats in which of the following ways?
They believed that the wealthy should govern.
John C. Calhoun believed that
the ideal of equal opportunity was not practical.
The Independent Treasury Act required the federal government to
keep federal funds in government vaults.
The log cabin campaign was most noteworthy for
the use of modern campaign tactics by the Whigs.
Ralph Waldo Emerson encouraged listeners and readers to seek transcendence beyond the limits of ordinary existence because he wanted them to
celebrate individualism and energize the American spirit.
Emerson's ideas most closely resembled
Charles Grandison Finney's "moral free agency."
Margaret Fuller's greatest contribution to transcendental philosophy was her
belief that women were as capable of, and deserving of, transcendence as men.
Herman Melville came to the conclusion that extreme individualism led to
madness and death.
Brook Farm failed economically in large part because it
attracted intellectuals with few practical skills.
Ideas that the Shakers supported include all of the following except
complex marriage.
Arthur Brisbane promoted the concepts of cooperative work and the phalanx in
The Social Destiny of Man.
Perfectionists believed that freedom from sin was possible
because the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred.
The Mormon practice of polygamy
was opposed by some Mormons as well as by non-Mormon Christians.
Urban popular culture was a product of
the thousands of young rural people who flocked to cities in search of fortune and adventure
Free blacks in the North sought to encourage emancipation and race equality through all of the following except
the bribing of southern slaveholders.
In Virginia in August 1831, close to sixty whites were brutally slain in a violent slave revolt led by
Nat Turner.
The most common response of white Americans to the abolition movement was
opposition to the movement.
Between 1836 and 1844, the federal government responded to abolition by
suppressing the debate of antislavery petitions in Congress.
William Lloyd Garrison's insistence on broadening the abolitionist agenda split the organization by pushing out those who
did not support women's rights.
Women's involvement in moral reform was evidence of their desire
to extend their moral authority outside the home.
Moral reform was primarily a women's movement to
end prostitution.
The campaign for abolition inspired women to seek equal rights because
slavery gave them a point of comparison for their own condition.
Before the Civil War, women in the state of New York achieved all of the following except
the right to vote.
Both moral reformers and women's rights activists focused their energies primarily on helping
other women.
Prominent transcendentalists rejected all of the following except
individual communion with nature.
Emerson had his greatest impact on middle-class Americans because they
often had already liberated themselves from family ties and customs.
Walt Whitman went beyond Emerson's teachings in his belief that
the individual was divine.
Critics of transcendentalism such as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville focused on
the perils of excessive individualism.
Brook Farm appealed primarily to
teachers, writers, and students.
Because the Shakers believed that God was both male and female, they
attempted to eliminate certain gender distinctions.
Arthur Brisbane believed that the phalanx would
liberate women.
John Humphrey Noyes wanted to liberate individuals from sin by reforming relationships between men and women and so embraced the concept of
complex marriage.
The Mormons differed from other communal experiments in their
emphasis on traditional patriarchal authority.
The most popular form of urban entertainment in the United States in the mid-nineteenth century was
the minstrel show.
Abolitionists' strategies for eliminating slavery in America included all of the following except
purchasing slaves' freedom through a massive program of remuneration to southern masters.
The American Anti-Slavery Society's most successful tactic for affecting public opinion was to
mail abolitionist pamphlets throughout the country.
By the 1840s, approximately one thousand escaped slaves reached freedom in northern states or Canada each year
with the assistance of the Underground Railroad.
Many northerners were troubled by abolitionist tactics for all of the following reasons except
Christian doctrine appeared to support slavery.
Southerners responded to the abolitionist movement and to fears of slave rebellion in all of the following ways except
ending the foreign slave trade.
Middle-class married women in the North bolstered their authority within the home by
joining religious revivals and becoming guardians of morality.
Both an abolitionist and a supporter of women's rights, the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin was
Harriet Beecher Stowe.
The reform movement most responsible for inspiring the women's rights movement was
abolition.
The most important reform for the women's rights movement was
suffrage.
Women involved in moral reform differed from those involved in the women's rights movement in that
moral reformers accepted the concept of separate spheres, while women's rights advocates did not.
The South in the early 1800s was characterized by
a high geographical mobility and a desire to extend slavery into the West.
The federal government played a major role in the expansion of slavery to the New South through all of the following ways except
investing in railroads and other industrial development projects in the 1810s.
The domestic slave trade was
the transportation and economic system that brought black slaves to the Cotton South.
The domestic slave trade impacted African American families by
destroying one in four slave marriages.
The gang-labor system in the New South was characterized by
large work crews supervised by a black driver and a white overseer.
African American religion was characterized by all of the following factors except
an early, deep, and abiding faith in original sin.
Most families in African American slave societies were characterized by
stable relationships, defined by extended family relations and regulated by taboos against incest.
All of the following were reasons for the development of a unified African American culture except
tribal identity.
African American resistance was characterized by all of the following factors except
slaves refrained from attacking white masters and overseers.
Free blacks living in the North in the early nineteenth century were
discriminated against in the job market, usually not allowed to vote, and often segregated in churches, schools, and public life.
The Chesapeake region contributed to the domestic slave trade by
selling surplus African American slaves to the New South.
Tobacco-growing elite planters were characterized by all of the following criteria except
they experienced historical changes similar to the rice planters of South Carolina.
Middle-class planters were characterized by all of the following criteria except
they did not play a substantial role in slave society.
Yeoman farmers were characterized by all of the following criteria except
they were not influenced by the patriarchal ideology of the South.
The domestic slave trade impacted the southern economy in all of the following ways except
it brought large numbers of European immigrants to the South.
African American religion included all of the following African cultural elements except
the strong influence of Islam in shaping the content of black Protestant Christianity.
African Americans resisted slavery in all of the following ways except
kidnapping prominent whites and holding them for ransom as hostages.
African Americans mounted few major slave revolts due to all of the following reasons except
they suffered from an inability to resist enslavement in general.
The population of free blacks compared to the overall population of African Americans in the United States between 1790 and 1860 is characterized by
a pattern of increase until 1840, followed by a slight reduction by 1860.
Free blacks in the South
were often denied a jury trial if accused of a crime.
John L. O'Sullivan's notion of Manifest Destiny
embodied the dreams of American expansionists.
An American land speculator who took advantage of Mexico's land grant system in the early 1820s was
Moses Austin.
Texas won its independence from Mexico because of
hundreds of Americans who flocked to Texas and helped to defeat the Mexican army.
Southern planters were most worried about the expansionist plans of
Great Britain.
Texas was annexed after
Congress passed a joint resolution.
A number of Whigs opposed the Mexican War because they
believed it was part of an immoral conspiracy by southerners to expand the institution of slavery.
The Wilmot Proviso did all of the following except
pass through both houses of Congress with the support of an antiwar coalition.
The free-soil concept achieved significant popular support because
it stressed protection of white economic opportunity in the West.
In 1848, supporters of the plan to extend the Missouri Compromise line west included
James Buchanan.
The southern conventions considered secession in 1850, but southern states did not secede then because
most convention delegates were still committed to the Union as long as Congress made no further attempts to restrict slavery.
The direct results of the Fugitive Slave Act included all of the following except
the formation of the Republican Party.
ponses to the new law. (See page 393.)
In lieu of agreeing to Pierce's annexation bid for additional Mexican territories, Mexican officials agreed to sell a small amount of land to the United States, land that was earmarked by James Gadsden for
the construction of a southern-based transcontinental railroad.
The Republican Party drew the least support from
Know-Nothing Party members.
Events in Kansas seemed to demonstrate that popular sovereignty would lead
to violence.
In Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney made all of the following points except
the platform of the Republican Party was unconstitutional.
Lincoln's ambition propelled him into politics after having been raised by
an impoverished yeoman farming family.
As a congressman during the Mexican War, Lincoln supported
both the war and the Wilmot Proviso.
In 1854, politically speaking, Abraham Lincoln was a
Republican and former Whig who supported a moderate gradualist view on abolition.
For Lincoln, the great threat of the "Slave Power" was that it would
make slavery legal everywhere.
After the election of 1858, the southern Democrats split into two groups; the moderates, who were known as Southern Rights Democrats, supported
an ironclad commitment to protect slavery in the territories.
President Martin Van Buren refused to consider the new Texas Republic's request for annexation to the United States because he
feared that annexation would provoke a war with Mexico.
"Oregon fever" was the result of
reports of fine harbors, fertile soil, and a mild climate.
In the 1820s and 1830s, Americans settling in California differed from settlers in Texas because they
assimilated into Mexican culture.
Democrats built up support for the annexation of Texas in 1844 by
linking Texas to Oregon.
James K. Polk won the presidential election of 1844 because
the Liberty Party took votes away from the Whig candidate.
James K. Polk pursued all of the following plans to acquire Mexico's far northern provinces except
fomenting rebellions by American settlers in each province.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ensured
payment to Mexico of $15 million from the United States.
The Whigs selected Zachary Taylor as their candidate for the presidency in 1848 because he
was a war hero.
Why did the discovery of gold in California affect the national debate on slavery?
California sought statehood as a free state in 1850, which would have blocked slavery in the West.
The Compromise of 1850, hammered out by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and Stephen Douglas, included all of the following except
the granting to Texas of all the land west of Texas to the Rio Grande.
What book did Harriet Beecher Stowe write that increased northern agitation against slavery?
Uncle Tom's Cabin
In response to federal passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, northern states passed
personal-liberty laws.
What was the name of the written statement, issued by American diplomats in Europe, that justified a U.S. seizure of Cuba?
Ostend Manifesto
The event that contributed directly to the emergence of the Republican Party was
the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Which eastern abolitionist, inflamed by the sack of the free-soil town of Lawrence, Kansas, led a small group of vigilantes in taking revenge on proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie?
John Brown
When Abraham Lincoln became the Republican candidate for president in 1860, his credentials consisted of
four terms in the state legislature of Illinois, one term as a congressman, and a defeat in the race for a U.S. Senate seat from Illinois.
The person who helped the Republican Party gain members by alleging that a Slave Power conspiracy was working to extend slavery into the territories was
Abraham Lincoln
For southern Democrats, the Freeport Doctrine was
a denial of the victory for slavery attained in the Dred Scott decision.
Southerners feared John Brown most because
they believed he represented the goals of the Republican Party.
All of the following are true about the election of 1860 except
Lincoln won a majority of the popular vote but a plurality of the electoral vote.
In response to the secession of six states before he became president, Abraham Lincoln
stood firm in his commitment to the Union and left little room for negotiation with the secessionists.
The federal military installation attacked by the South in April 1861 was
Fort Sumter.
Secession came earliest in states
with the highest concentration of slaves.
All of the following states in the Upper South stayed in the Union except
Virginia.
Lincoln and his advisors formulated a war strategy that called for them to
launch an aggressive military campaign against the Confederacy and end the conflict with a quick victory.
During the war the federal government
grew in power and centralized authority.
To wage total war, the Union government did all of the following except
pass an Alien and Sedition Act to arrest and imprison critics of the government.
Irish and German immigrants in New York City turned to violence over the draft because they
feared the potential presence of freed slaves.
In the South, women worked as civil servants in the
postal service.
To provide income to fund the war effort, the Confederacy relied upon
King Cotton.
The most important reason for Abraham Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation was that he
agreed with Frederick Douglass that, for both moral and military reasons, the war was a struggle to end slavery.
The Union movement toward emancipation was most directly precipitated by
escaped slaves seeking refuge across Union lines.
African American slaves who escaped across Confederate lines to Union military camps were labeled
contrabands.
In Lincoln's mind, the Emancipation Proclamation
changed the war into a war of subjugation and destruction of the Old South.
The Democratic response to making emancipation an objective of the war was to
condemn it as being unconstitutional.
Northern whites came to accept the enlistment of African Americans in the Union army for all of the following reasons except
white resistance to the draft decreased.
Lincoln was convinced that black soldiers
saved the war effort.
Sherman's victory at Atlanta caused
McClellan to repudiate the Democrats' peace platform.
Sherman's march to the sea was intended to
destroy the last of the southern armies.
As the Confederacy faced nearly certain defeat in the wake of Sherman's devastating march across the South, all of the following happened except
the remaining forces under Robert E. Lee launched a last-ditch invasion of the North.
John Crittenden's plan of compromise included all of the following provisions except
tougher fugitive slave laws would be enacted.
In Abraham Lincoln's view, secession was
an illegal act that constituted an insurrection against the Union.
The Civil War technically began when
Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter.
Lincoln rejected Winfield Scott's plan for the war because it
was not aggressive enough.
General George B. McClellan was relieved of his command of the Army of the Potomac by President Lincoln in 1862 because
. in Lincoln's view, McClellan lacked the stomach to commit his troops to achieve a major victory.
The Confederate government had trouble waging total war for all of the following reasons except
slaves refused to fight for the Confederacy.
Southerners objected to the Confederate draft primarily because
it favored the rich.
Northerners most likely to support the war effort were
native-born Republicans.
The U.S. Sanitary Commission was an example of
private contributions to the war effort.
The Confederacy did not achieve a more effective economic program primarily because
states' rights philosophy left most power with the state governments.
Before the Emancipation Proclamation,
Congress had outlawed slavery in the federal territories.
Which best describes the immediate change in the status of slaves on January 1, 1863, as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation?
Because the proclamation applied only to slaves in states that were still in rebellion, it did not actually free a single slave.
Vicksburg was an important target for the Union armies because
c. its capture divided the Confederacy along the Mississippi River.
In 1863, prior to the campaign that resulted in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee wanted to invade the North for all of the following reasons except
. his troops outnumbered disorganized Union troops in Pennsylvania.
After the Union victory at Gettysburg, President Lincoln expected
the war to go on indefinitely.
Ulysses S. Grant's campaign in Virginia in the spring and summer of 1864
caused severe casualties for both armies but did not end the war.
The siege of Petersburg was noteworthy for the use, by both Union and Confederate forces, of
trench warfare.
In the 1864 election campaign, the Democrats campaigned to
end the fighting and call a peace convention.
Lincoln feared that without the Thirteenth Amendment,
the South could reestablish slavery after the war.
The total number of military dead in the Civil War, including both Union and Confederate losses, was
620,000.