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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Normal size of trachea ?

Not more than 2.5 cm or less than the adjacent vertebral body

Finding


Diagnosis

Long segment anterior and lateral tracheal wall thickening with sparing of the posterior tracheal wall.



Relapsing polychondritis

Finding


Diagnosis

Focal Narrowing of the trachea



Subglottic post intubation stenosis

Finding


Diagnosis

Circumferential wall thickening of the trachea with calcification ( usually no calcification)



Wegner granulomatosis

Finding


Diagnosis

Diffuse nodular calcifications in the tracheal antero-lateral walls. There is no relevant tracheal stenosis. The appearances are much more irregular than that seen with normal cartilage calcification.



Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica ( TBO)

Two condition spares the posterior tracheal ring?

Relapsing polychondritis



Tracheobronchopathic osteochondroplastica ( TBO)

Finding


Diagnosis

Irregular wall thickening with calcifications

Age of onset of TBO?

Older than 50 years

When I say saber sheath trachea you say?

COPD

Subtypes of tracheobronchial Carcinoid? 3

Typical Carcinoid


Atypical Carcinoid


Small cell and large cell tracheobronchial Carcinoid

Differences BTW



Typical Carcinoid


Atypical Carcinoid


Small and large cell Carcinoid



In terms of:


location


Grade of tumor


Age of onset


Size

Typical ( at bifurcation, low grade, 50s , < 3 cm.)



Atypical ( peripheral distal to segmental bronchus, intermediate grade, 60s, > 3cm) associated with smoking



Small cell and large cell ( not in the airway)


Malignant ( high grade)


Small ~3.5 cm, peripheral


Large > 4 cm, central mediastinal involving hilum


Bronchial Carcinoid vs GI Carcinoid in metastasis to the eye?

Bronchial mets to the uveal tract ( inside orbit)



GI Carcinoid mets to the extraocular muscles ( outside orbit)

Clinical presentation of endobronchial Carcinoid? 2

Obstruction symptoms


Hemoptysis ( highly vascular)

Nuclear radiotracer for Carcinoid?

Ocetreo


PET is cold

How common endobronchial Carcinoid cause Carcinoid syndrome?



And if it does which valves are affected vs GI Carcinoid?

Rarely



Bronchial Carcinoid ( mitral and aortic)


GI Carcinoid ( tricuspid and pulmonary)

Most common malignancy of trachea?


Second most common?

Squamous cell carcinoma ( smoking )


Adenoid cystic carcinoma ( not associated with smoking)

Bronchial Adenoid cystic carcinoma


Location ?


Appearance?


Main or lobar bronchus


Upper trachea posterolateral



Variable appearance


Nodule, thickening or mass

Most common benign airway tumor?


Causes if single or multiple?

Squamous cell papilloma


Single smoking


Multiple HPV

Likely diagnosis

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

Pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis ?

Damaged sodium potassium pump ( thick secretions no clearance recurrent pneumonia)

Features of cystic fibrosis? 4

Upper lobe predominance


Cylindrical then varicoid bronchiectasis


Finger in gloves appearance when plugged by mucus


Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pathophysiology of primary ciliary dyskinesia?

Cilia not working


No clearing of secretions


Recurrent infections


Kids chronic sinusitis


Boys sperms can't swim


Girls ectopic pregnancy

Radiological features of primary ciliary dyskinesia?

Lower lobe bronchiectasis


Chronic sinusitis


50% Kartagner syndrome

What is Williams Campbell syndrome ?

Cystic bronchiectasis due to cartilage deficiency

Syndrome causes tracheobronchomegaly? > 3 cm

Mounier- kuhn syndrome

Ddx of small airway disease ? 5

RB ILD ( smokers)


Infectious Bronchiolitis


Subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis


Constrictive Bronchiolitis


Follicular Bronchiolitis

Classic appearance of small airway disease ?

Areas of air trapping ( mosaic attenuation)

Findings


Diagnosis

There is widespread mosaic attenuation in both lungs, well demonstrated as areas of air trapping on the expiratory images, associated with cylindrical bronchiolectasis in the posterior segments of the left lower lobe. These features favour small airway disease.

Risk factors for developing follicular Bronchiolitis?


Appearance of follicular Bronchiolitis?

Sjogren syndrome


Rheumatoid arthritis



Centrilobular ground glass nodules like hypersensitivity pneumonitis


Risk factors of developing constrictive Bronchiolitis? 5



Appearance ?

Viral illness


Transplant patients


Drug reaction


Inhalation injury


DIPNECH ( diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia)



Swyer-James hyperlucent lung

Aspiration pneumonia in


Supine


Upright position ?

Supine ( posterior segments of the upper lobes, superior segment of lower lobes )



Upright ( basal segments of lower lobes)

Complications of aspiration pneumonia? 2

Empyema and bronchopleural fistula

What you call it when aspiration of gastric acid ?

Mandelson's syndrome ( airspace opacity if massive looks like pulmonary edema)

Aspiration of water or neutralised gastric contents


Radiology appearance?

Fleeting opacity ( will resolve in few hours)