Agriculture And Food Resources

Front 1

Food Production

Back 1

Food Production has risen faster than the human population has increased

Front 2

Food distribution: How many hungry people still remain

Back 2

The world still has ~850 million hungry people, due to inadequate food distributuion

Front 3

Under nutrition

Back 3

-a type of malnutrition

-not enough calories or nutrients (causes numerous diseases, especially in the developing world)

Front 4

Kwashiorkor

Back 4

-malnutrition from protein deficiency

-a key feature is a swollen abdomen

Front 5

Marasmus

Back 5

-malnutrition from lack of total calories and protein

-slowed growth, wasting of muscles

Front 6

World Hunger: The 2 regions with the greatest food shortages

Back 6

-South Asia, with ~270 million hungry people

-Sub-Saharan Africa, with ~175 million hungry people

Front 7

Overnutrition

Back 7

A type of malnutrition

-overconsumption of calories or nutrients (causes numerous diseases especially in developed world)

Front 8

The green revolution: Increasing crop yields

Back 8

-Techniques to increase crop output

-The green revolution enabled food production to keep up with population growth

Front 9

The green revolution and the environment

Back 9

The green revolution was not environmentally friendly

-required intensive use of commercial fertilizers, pesticides, fossil fuels, etc.

Front 10

The green revolution: environmental impacts

Back 10

The green revolution caused environmental harm

-pollution from fertilizers

-pollution from pesticides

-water depletion from irrigation

Front 11

Animal agriculture

Back 11

Production and consumption of meat has risen dramatically

Front 12

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO)

Back 12

-also called 'feedlots'

-farms that deliver energy-rich food to animals, at high densities (to fatten them up quickly)

Front 13

Animal Agriculture: Environmental Impacts

Back 13

Large amount of waste

-polluted air

-polluted water

Intensive use of chemicals

-antibiotics

-steroids

-hormones

Front 14

Food choices = energy choices

Back 14

-Some animal food products can be produced with less input of feed

-Some animal food products can be produced with lower inputs of land and water

Front 15

Organic farming

Back 15

Small percentage of the market, but growing fast

-no synthetic chemicals

-can still use poison (nicotine, hemlock, arsenic) but must be 'natural'

Front 16

Advantages of organic produce

Back 16

-healthier

-environmentally better

Front 17

Disadvantages of organic produce

Back 17

-less uniform

-less appealing-looking

-more expensive

Front 18

Genetic Engineering: A solution or a problem?

Back 18

Manipulating genetic material may be the best hope for increasing agricultural production without destroying more land

Many people remain uneasy about genetically engineering crop plants

Front 19

Company that has invested the most in GMO's

Back 19

Monsanto

Front 20

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)

Back 20

organisms genetically engineered using recombinant DNA technology

Front 21

Recombinant DNA

Back 21

DNA joined together from multiple organisms

(EX: disease-resistance genes from one plant added to another plant)

Front 22

Genetic Engineering

Back 22

look over slide

Front 23

Prevalence of GM crops

Back 23

-Many GM crops had bad publicity

-This biotechnology is already changing your food supply

-Two-thirds of US soybeans, corn, and cotton are GM strains

Front 24

How common are GM crops?

Back 24

-17 nations plant GM crops

-The US grows about 55% of the world's GM crops

Front 25

Europe/Canada vs US

Back 25

Europe/Canada

-followed a precautionary approach to GM foods

-government listened to opposition from their citizens

US

-GM foods were introduced with virtually no debate

-most people don't know they're eating GM food

Front 26

The 'Flavr Savr' tomato

Back 26

-Calgene invented the Flavr Savr tomato

-Putting a gene into tomatoes to decrease bruising on the way to the store

-Told people it was GM food

-Introduced them in California and nobody bought them

-Invested so much into the tomatoes and they went bankrupt

Front 27

Controlling Agricultural Pests: Pesticides

Back 27

Artificial chemicals developed to kill pests (pesticides)

-insecticides

-plants (herbicides)

-fungi (fungicides)

-rodents (rodenticides)

Front 28

Why do we have so many pests? Monocultures

Back 28

-Large areas of a single crop

Economically efficient, but risky ("all of your eggs in one basket")

Front 29

DDT

Back 29

A broad-spectrum insecticide

-not toxic to mammals except at high levels

Front 30

Biggest place that DDT was used?

Back 30

Used during WWII overseas to combat diseases such as malaria, typhoon, etc.

Front 31

A problem: Pesticide Resistance

Back 31

1. Pests attack crop

2. Pesticide applied

3. All pests, except a few, with resistance, are killed

4. Survivors breed and produce resistant offspring

5. Pesticide applied again

6. Has almost no effect; new toxic chemicals are needed

Front 32

Rachel Carson

Back 32

-marine biologist

-wrote the book "Silent Spring"

which heightened public awareness and the dangers of pesticides

Front 33

As a result of Silent Spring

Back 33

-DDT is banned from the US

-Helps defend against Malaria is developing countries

Front 34

Environmental Estrogens

Back 34

Males begin looking like females and acting like females

Can be caused by various types of environmental pollutants

-DDT (pesticides)

-PCB's (industrial coolant)

Soybean (phytoestrogen)

Front 35

Biological Magnification (biomagnification)

Back 35

occurs when the concentration of a substance, such as DDT or mercury, in an organism exceeds the background concentration of the substance in its diet.

You don't excrete DDT, it just builds up

Front 36

Approach to battling insects: Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Back 36

Combines biological, physical, structural, and chemical controls

May Involve:

-pesticides

-transgenic crops

-trapping

-biological (ex: ladybugs)

Front 37

Biological Control (biocontrol)

Back 37

Biocontrol battles pests, with organisms that are natural enemies of those pests (arms race between predators and prey for adaptation)

Biocontrol avoids the 'resistance' problem

Front 38

Biological Control Success stories

Back 38

Cactus moth wiped out invasive prickly pear cactus in Australia

Front 39

Biocontrol can be risky

Back 39

Most biocontrol agents are introduced from other countries

Some may become pests themselves

Front 40

Multicolored Asian Ladybird Beetle

Back 40

-Immature ladybugs feeding on their own eggs

-Outcompetes other native species

-Over 20 different coloration patterns for the species

Front 41

Did You Know...

Back 41

Not only is fast food unhealthy

people who eat it regularly are 51% more likely to develop depression