Abnormal Psychology Barlow/durand

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abnormal

Back 1

DSM IV
—behavioral, psychological or
biological dysfunctions
—unexpected in cultural context
— distress or impairment
— increasked risk of suffering, death, pain or impairment

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clinical assessment

Back 2

the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological and social factors in a person with a possible psychological disorder.

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Define a psychological disorder

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—Psychological dysfunction
—Distress or impairment
—Atypical or not culturally expected response.

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psychopathology

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scientific study of psychological disorders
—Description
—Etiology
—Treatment

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prognosis

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a disorder's anticipated course

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behavior therapy

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therapy methods based on behavioral and cognitive science and principles of learning. Targets behaviors for change rather than conflicts.

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behavioral model

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explains human behavior, including dysfunction, based on pinciples of learning.

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historic approaches to abnormal behavior

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supernatural: abnormal behavior attributed to external sources. treat: exorcism

biological: disorders attributed to disease or biochemical imbalances, treat: physical care/drugs

psychological: abnormal behavior attributed to faulty psychological development and to social context, treat: therapy.

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presenting problem

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why the person came to the clinic

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prevalence

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how many people have the disorder

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incidence

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how many cases occur in any given timeframe

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diagnosis

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the process of determining whether the problem meets pertinent criteria for a disorder in the DSM IV

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causes of ”madness“

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— supernatural model: (evil, the devil, sorcery, moon and stars)
— biological model: Hippocrates & syphilis, Galen humoral theory (blood, black bile, yellow bile and phleghm)
— psychological model: Basically an early psychosocial approach.
Plato and Aristotle, social environment & early learning contributed to maladaptive behaviors.

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why was an exorcism performed?

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to cast out the devil

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Where does the word hysterical come from?

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Hippocrates coined the term to describe women whose uteruses were wandering, a concept he borrowed from the Egyptians

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general paresis

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what they called advanced syphilis in 1825, before Pasteur's germ theory in 1870 found the cause

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libido

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the drive within the id, according to Freud

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psychoanalytic theory

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although largely unproven, Freud's theory of the id, ego and superego still has a strong influence on psychology today,

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defense mechanisms

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id/ego/superego conflicts produce anxiety that threatens to overwhelm the ego, so these are psychological strategies a person uses to cope with reality. pathological only when persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior
purpose is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety

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psychosexual development

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oral: birth-2, food/sucking
anal: focus on feces
phallic: 3-6, genital self stimulation, Oedipus complex, castration anxiety
latency
genital

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object relations

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when a child assimilates the images, memories and values of someone close to them

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collective unconscious

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wisdom accumulated by society and culture,stored in individual memories, passed down through the generations

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humanistic psychology

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Jung/Adler/Maslow/Rogers, based on reaching full human potential (self-actalizing), found greatest application among those without psychological disorders,

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multidimensional integrative approach

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both normal and abnormal behavior is the product of continual interaction between —psychological,
—biological,
—emotional
—social
—developmental
influences.

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PBESD

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quantitative genetics

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sums up all the tiny effects across many genes without telling us which genes are responsible for which effects

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genetic influence on most psychological disorders

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is polygenic (influenced by many genes) although

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diathesis-stress model

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people inherit vulnerabilities that make them susceptible to a disorder when the right stressor comes along

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reciprocal gene-environment model

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a person's genes may increase the likelihood that they'll experience the stressor that triggers the vulnerability and thus, the disorder (our genes may contribute to how we create our environment)

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central nervous system

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consists of brain and the spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

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consists of somatic and automatic nervous systems

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neurons

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nerve cells —transmit information throughout the nervous system

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validity

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whether something measures what it's designed to measure

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reliability

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the degree to which a measurement is consistent

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standardization

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applying certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements

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What is trepanning?

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surgery in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull, exposing the dura mater, in the mistaken belief that it would let evil spirits escape. The bone that was trepanned was kept by the prehistoric people and worn as a charm to keep evil spirits away. They also used trepanning as primitive emergency surgery after blows to the head that resulted in fractured skulls. It was also used later to treat or cure epileptic seizures, migraines and mental disorders.

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Neo-Freudians

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such as Jung, Adler & Horney de-emphasized the sexual core of Freud's theory.

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psychological dysfunction

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a breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning

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psychiatrists

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earn an MD plus psychiatric residency lasting 3-4 years.

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clinical and counseling psychologists

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earn a PhD, and Ed.D or a PhyD that prepares them to do research and to assess, diagnose and treat psychological disorders.

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psychiatric nurses

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advanced degree, treat patients with psychological disorders

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psychiatric social workers

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Masters in Social Work, can treat and often focus on family problems associated with the patient's disorder(s).

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marriage and family therapists

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Masters level practitioners, usually work under a doctorate level clinician.

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etiology

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the study of origins, why a disorder begins and includes biological, psychological and social dimensions.

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classical conditioning

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learning in which a stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response

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operant conditioning

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learning in which behavior changes due to what follows the behavior

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shaping

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reinforcing successive approximations

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serotonin

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regulates our behavior, moods and thought processes

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norephinephrine

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stimulates alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptors

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dopamine

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implicated in schizophrenia

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neurotransmitters

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stored at end of neurons, a nerve signal releases NT into synapse and binds receptors on next neuron. GABA, glutamate, serontonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

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GGSDN

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to ID the causes of psychological disorders, we must consider

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the genetic, biological, environmental, social and developmental factors—integrative approach

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patient exam

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1. appearance & behavior
2. thought processes
3. mood & affect
4. intellectual functioning
5. sensorium

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look
talk
feel
think
aware

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criticisms of DSM IV

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—fuzzy categories
—emphasize reliability at expense of validity
—reifies dysfunction (labeling)