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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
accuracy (of measurement)
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The extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature. (See observed value and true value)
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Believability
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The extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation. Measures of interobserver agreement (IOA) are the most often used index of believability in applied behavior analysis (See interobserver agreement, IOA)
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Calibration
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Any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that information to correct or improve the measurement system
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continuous measurement
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measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period.
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direct measurement
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occurs when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation
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discontinuous measurement
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measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected
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exact count-per-interval IOA
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the percentage of total intervals in which two observers recorded the same count; the most stringest description of IOA for most data sets obtained by event recording
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indirect measurement
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occurs when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest; considered less valid than direct measurement because inferences about the realtion between the data obtained and the actual behavior of interest are required
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interobserver agreement (IOA)
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the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events
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interval-by-interval IOA
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an index of the agreement between observers for data obtained by interval recording or time sampling measurement
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mean count-per-interval IOA
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average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by two observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times; a more conservative measure of IOA than total count IOA
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mean duration-per-occurrence IOA
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an IOA index for duration per occurrence data; also a more conservative and usually more meaningful assessment of IOA for total duration data calculated for a given session or measurement period by computing the average percentage of agreement of the durations reported by two observers for each occurrence of the target behavior
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measurement bias
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nonrandom measurement error; a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event
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naïve observer
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an observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period. Data obtained by a naïve observer are less likely to be influenced by observers' expectations
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observed value
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a measure produced by an observation and measurement system. Observed values serve as the data that the researcher and others will interpret to form conclusions about an infestigation
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observer drift
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any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error; often entails a shift in the observer's interpretation of the original definitions of the target behavior subsequent to being trained.
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observer reactivity
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influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports.
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reliability
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refers to the consitency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values
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scored-interval IOA
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interobserver agreement index based on on the intervals in which either observer recorded the occurrence of the behavior
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total count IOA
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simplest indicator of IOA for event recording data
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total duration IOA
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relevant index of IOA for total duration measurement
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trial-by-trial IOA
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an IOA index for discrete trial data based on comparing the observers' counts (0 or 1) on a trial-by-trial basis; yields a more conservative and meaningful index of IOA for DT data than does total count IOA
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true value
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measure accepted as a quantitative description of the true state of some dimensional quantity of an event as it exists in nature
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unscored-interval IOA
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interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the nonoccurrence of the behavior
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validity
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extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reason for measuring it
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