Aba Chapter 2

Front 1

Antecedent

Back 1

Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest

Front 2

Automatic Reinforcement

Back 2

Hypothesis that a behavior produces its own reinforcement

Front 3

Automaticity of Reinforcement

Back 3

Behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware that their behavior is, or has been, reinforced

Front 4

Aversive Stimulus

Back 4

Stimulus conditions whose termination functioned as reinforcement

Front 5

Behavior

Back 5

The activity of living organisms. It is what a living organism says or does.

Front 6

Behavior Change Tactic

Back 6

Researched based, technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior and that possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination

Front 7

Conditioned Punisher

Back 7

Stimulus events or conditions that are present or that occur just before, or simultaneously with, the occurrence of other punishers may acquire the ability to punish behavior when they later occur on their own as consequences

Front 8

Conditioned Reflex

Back 8

An automatic response established by pairing to a neutral stimulus

Front 9

Conditioned Reinforcer

Back 9

Stimulus events or conditions that are present or that occur just before, or simultaneous with, the occurrence of other reinforcers may acquire the ability to reinforce behavior when they later occur on their own as consequences

Front 10

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 10

A neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus until is acquires the ability to elicit a response that it previously did not

Front 11

Consequence

Back 11

Stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest

Front 12

Contingency

Back 12

Various types of temporal and functional relations between behavior and antecedent and consequent variables; the dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of a behavior

Front 13

Contingency-Shaped Behavior

Back 13

Behavior acquired by direct experience with contingencies

Front 14

Contingent

Back 14

The behavior must be emitted for the consequence to occur

Front 15

Deprivation

Back 15

The lack or denial of something; this can be necessary for something to function as a reinforcer

Front 16

Discriminated Operant

Back 16

A behavior that occurs more often under some antecedent conditions than it does in others

Front 17

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

Back 17

Any stimulus that predicts the availability of reinforcement if a response is emitted

Front 18

Environment

Back 18

Full set of physical circumstances in which the organism exists

Front 19

Extinction

Back 19

If reinforcement is withheld for all members of a previously reinforced response class, the behavior will gradually decrease in rate to its pre-reinforcement level or cease to occur altogether

Front 20

Habituation

Back 20

If the eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly over a short span of time, the strength or magnitude of the response will diminish, and in some cases the response may not occur at all; gradually diminishing response strength

Front 21

Higher-Order Conditioning

Back 21

When conditioned reflexes can also be established by stimulus-stimulus pairing of an NS with a CS

Front 22

History of Reinforcement

Back 22

The repertoire of behaviors each person brings to any situation has been selected, shaped, and maintained by their unique history of reinforcement

Front 23

Joint Control

Back 23

Two separate, but interrelated forms of a person’s own verbal behavior combine to acquire stimulus control of a response that would not have occurred in the absence of either

Front 24

Motivating Operation

Back 24

An environmental variable that alters the effectiveness of some stimulus and alters the current frequency of all behaviors that have been reinforced by that stimulus

Front 25

Negative Punishment

Back 25

Indicates that the stimulus change that served as the punishing consequence was withdrawn

Front 26

Negative Reinforcement

Back 26

When behaviors occur more often because past responses have resulted in the withdrawal or termination of a stimulus

Front 27

Neutral Stimulus

Back 27

A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Front 28

Ontogeny

Back 28

Selection by consequences operates during the lifetime of the individual organism

Front 29

Operant Behavior

Back 29

Any behavior determined primarily by its history of consequences

Front 30

Operant Behavior

Back 30

Any behavior determined primarily by its history of consequences

Front 31

Operant Conditioning

Back 31

Process and selective effects of consequences on behavior

Front 32

Phylogeny

Back 32

A conceptual parallel to Darwin’s natural selection in the evolutionary history of a species

Front 33

Positive Punishment

Back 33

The stimulus change that served as the punishing consequence was presented

Front 34

Positive Reinforcement

Back 34

A response is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that results in similar responses occurring more often

Front 35

Principle of Behavior

Back 35

Describes a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables that has thorough generality across individual organisms, species, settings, and behaviors

Front 36

Punisher

Back 36

An immediate consequence of an operant behavior that causes that behavior to decrease in frequency

Front 37

Punishment

Back 37

When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring less often

Front 38

Reflex

Back 38

A stimulus response relation; You are born able to respond in predictable ways to certain stimuli, no learning is required

Front 39

Reinforcement

Back 39

When a response is followed by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often

Front 40

Reinforcer

Back 40

The consequence that strengthens an operant behavior

Front 41

Repertoire

Back 41

Sometimes used to refer to all of the behaviors a person can do. More often, the term denotes a person’s collection of knowledge and skills relevant to particular settings or tasks

Front 42

Respondent Behavior

Back 42

Behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli

Front 43

Respondent Conditioning

Back 43

Formerly neutral stimuli can acquire the ability to elicit respondents through this learning process

Front 44

Respondent Extinction

Back 44

The procedure of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response

Front 45

Response

Back 45

An action of an organisms effector (an organ at the end of an efferent nerve fiber)

Front 46

Response Class

Back 46

A group of responses with the same function (that is, each response in the group produces the same effect on the environment)

Front 47

Rule-Governed Behavior

Back 47

Behavior controlled by verbal statements

Front 48

Selectionism

Back 48

Anchors a new paradigm in the life sciences; a basic tenet of this position is that all forms of life, form from single cells to complex cultures, evolve as a result of selection with respect to function

Front 49

Socially-Mediated Contingency

Back 49

Another person presents an antecedent stimulus and/or the consequence for the behavior

Front 50

Stimulus

Back 50

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

Front 51

Stimulus

Back 51

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

Front 52

Stimulus Class

Back 52

Any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of these dimensions

Front 53

Stimulus

Back 53

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

Front 54

Stimulus Class

Back 54

Any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of these dimensions

Front 55

Stimulus Control

Back 55

When a discriminated operant occurs more often in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus

Front 56

Stimulus

Back 56

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells

Front 57

Stimulus Class

Back 57

Any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of these dimensions

Front 58

Stimulus Control

Back 58

When a discriminated operant occurs more often in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus

Front 59

Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing

Back 59

A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus

Front 60

Three-Term Contingency

Back 60

Antecedent, behavior, consequence (ABC’S)

Front 61

Unconditioned Punisher

Back 61

Stimulus change that can decrease the future occurrence of any behavior that precedes it without prior pairing with any other form of punishment

Front 62

Unconditioned Reinforcer

Back 62

A stimulus change that can increase future occurrences of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement

Front 63

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 63

One that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response