A & P Muscular System

Front 1

What are fibrous joints?

Back 1

The are generally immovable or slightly moveable. Such as the sutures of the skull or the joint between the radius and ulnar.

Front 2

What are Cartilaginous joints?

Back 2

Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline).[1] Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint. An example would be the joint between the manubrium and the sternum. Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.

Front 3

What are synovial joints?

Back 3

A Synovial joint, also known as a diarthrosis, is the most common and most movable type of joint in the body of a mammal. As with most other joints, synovial joints achieve movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones.

Structural and functional differences distinguish synovial joints from cartilaginous joints (synchondroses and symphyses) and fibrous joints (Sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses). The main structural differences between synovial and fibrous joints are the existence of capsules surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint and the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within those capsules (synovial cavities).

Front 4

What are some sex based differences between the male and female skeletons?

Back 4

There are many differences between the male and female human skeletons. Most prominent is the difference in the pelvis, owing to characteristics required for the processes of childbirth. The shape of a female pelvis is flatter, more rounded and proportionally larger to allow the head of a fetus to pass. A male's pelvis is about 90 degrees or less of angle, whereas a woman's is 100 degrees or more. Also, the coccyx of a female's pelvis is oriented more inferiorly whereas the man's coccyx is usually oriented more anteriorly. This difference allows more room for a developing fetus. Men tend to have slightly thicker and longer limbs and digit bones (phalanges), while women tend to have narrower rib cages, smaller teeth, less angular mandibles, less pronounced cranial features such as the brow ridges and external occipital protuberance (the small bump at the back of the skull), and the carrying angle of the forearm is more pronounced in females. Females also tend to have more rounded shoulder blades.

Front 5

What is oxygen debt?

Back 5

One definition of oxygen debt is "where the demand for oxygen is greater than the supply". In practical terms this means that your body is working hard, you are breathing in a lot of oxygen but you cannot absorb enough to cope with the level of activity. If this happens, your body is mainly utilising the anaerobic energy system and as a result, lactic acid builds up as an undesirable waste product. This system can only be sustained for about 60 seconds (depending on the individual) before severe fatigue sets in and you would have to take time to recover. The amount of oxygen "owed" to the body in order to recover is called the oxygen debt.

Front 6

What are the three types of muscle?

Back 6

Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardia muscle.

Front 7

Describe skeletal muscles?

Back 7

Composed of muscle fibers, connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves.

Front 8

What is endomysium?

Back 8

connective tissue that separates muscle fibres.

Front 9

What is a muscle fasiculas?

Back 9

a group of muscle fibres separated by endomysium

Front 10

What is the perimysium?

Back 10

Many fasiculi grouped together are surounded by perimysium forms a complete muscle

Front 11

What is a fascia?

Back 11

A layer of fibrous connective tissue outside the perimysium that separates individual muscles and may surround muscle groups.

Front 12

What is fatigue in a muscle?

Back 12

Muscle uses up available energy and is unable to contract with the same level of force.

Front 13

What are motor neurons?

Back 13

Specialized nerve cells which deliver an impulse to a muscle cell.

Front 14

What is the junction between a motoro neuron and a muscle fibre called?

Back 14

Neuromuscular juntion or Neuromuscular synapse.

Front 15

How does the neuromuscular synapse work?

Back 15

The nerve impulse travels down the axon and reaches the synaptic cleft. Vesicles release acetylcholine which crosses the cleft and binds with receptor molecules. This produces an action potential in the muscle fibre causing it to contract.

Front 16

Describe smooth muscle?

Back 16

Can be either visceral or multiunit smooth muscle. Normally made up of sheets of muscle that form the layers of the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts.

Front 17

How does smooth muscle contract?

Back 17

Generally at a slower rate than skeletal muscle. Can also be influenced by hormones. The hormone oxytocin stimulates the contraction of the uterus during labour.

Front 18

What is cardiac muscle?

Back 18

It is striated like skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has the property of intrinsic automaticity meaning it is able to generate its own electricity.

Front 19

What is the purpose of the muscular system?

Back 19

-Movement
-Postural maintenance
-Heat production

Front 20

How much of the body weight do muscles comprise?

Back 20

Muscles tissue constitutes about 40 - 50 percent of body weight.

Front 21

What is excitability?

Back 21

The ability of the muscle tissue to receive & respond to
stimulus.

Front 22

What is Contractility?

Back 22

The ability to shorten and thicken or contract to a
stimulus.

Front 23

What is Extensibility?

Back 23

It can be stretched.

Front 24

What is Elasticity?

Back 24

The ability to return to its original shape.

Front 25

What is skeletal muscle made up of?

Back 25

=Consists of contractile cells (muscle fibers)
=Each skeletal muscle fiber is filled with thick and thin
myofilaments
=Each myofilament is
made up of sarcomere - contractile unit of
skeletal muscle

Front 26

What is Voluntary Skeletal Muscle?

Back 26

=Striated muscle tissue, made up of bandlike structures.
=Controlled by the conscious part of the brain.
=Responsible for the functioning of the biceps, triceps, and more than 600 others.
=Well supplied with nerves and blood vessels.
=This innervation and vascularization is directly related to the contraction of the muscle.
=Results from muscle contraction by pulling a bone toward another across a movable joint
=Points of attachment of each muscle are the origin and insertion