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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Characteristics of Blood
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-Connective tissue
-Adult has 4-6L of blood -pH 7.35-7.45 -Composed of plasma and blood cells -made in hematopoietic tissue (in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue) |
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Plasma
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-pale yellow
-composed mostly of water -also has proteins, ions, nutrients, gases, waste |
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Albumin
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-a plasma protein that helps regulate plasma osmotic pressure, thereby, "holding" water within the blood vessels
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Serum
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-plasma minus the clotting proteins
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Blood Cells Include...
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-RBC or erythrocytes: primarily involved in the transport of O2
-WBC or leukocytes: protect the body from infection -Platelets or thrombocytes: protect the body from bleeding |
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Hematocrit
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-the percentage of blood cells in a sample of blood
-normal=45% blood cells and 55% plasma -spin blood in a test tube and plasma rises to the top, buffy coat (WBC's) and then RBC's on the bottom - a low hematocrit= lower than normal RBC's |
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hematopoiesis
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-blood cell production
-in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue -the three types of blood cells are produced from stem cells |
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myelosuppression
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-bone marrow depression
-could lead to anemia, leukopenia, or thromboocytopinia |
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reticulocyte
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-"ritics"
-immature RBC -normal range in blood 0.05%-1.15% -high reticulocyte count may indicate blood loss or another form of iron deficiency |
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RBC production
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-low O2 in blood, kidneys secrete erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to release RBC's into circulation
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3 clinical thought about EPO
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-a person who is chronically hypoxic (emphysema) has an excess of EPO secretion which leads to polycythemia (excessRBC)
-pt's with bone marrow depression may be givin EPO as a drug, athletes also abuse EPO to deliver more O2 to muscles -Pt's with declining kidney function do not produce enoughEPO which can lead to a type of anemia called anemia of chronic renal failure |
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breakdown of RBC's
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-RBC life span is 120 days
-mature RBC's have no nucleus and cannot reproduce -eventually RBC's get misshapen, ragged and worn out - mAcrophages that line the spleen and liver detect and remove them from citculation by phagocytosis |
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WBC's
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--Aka: leukocytes
-Lack hemoglobin -Less numerous than RBC's -Protect body by destroying pathogens and remove dead tissue and cellular debris -Can leave blood vessels -WBC's increase with infection |
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Types of WBC's
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-Granulocytes:1. Neutrophils, 2. Eosinophils, 3. Basophils
-Agranulocytes: 1. Lymphocytes, 2. Monocytes |
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Neutrophils
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-Most common granulocyte (55%-70% of total WBC's)
-Most important role is phagocytosis |
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"Shift to the Left"
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-A rapid production of neutrophils and inadequate time for the cells to mature. Therefore, a greater portion of the neutrophils are immature.
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Basophils
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-Make up less than 1% of the WBC's
-Plays a part in the inflammatory response mainly by histamine -Also release heparin (because basophils are found in abundance in areas with large amounts of blood (heart, liver...) it is thought to reduce the formation of blood clots) |
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Eosinophils
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-Make up 1-3% of WBC's
-Involved in the inflammatory response -secrete chemicals that destroy certain paracites -engage in phagocytosis -elevated in pt's with parasitic infection or allergic reaction |
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Leukocytes
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-Make up 25-38% of the WBC's
-Involved with immunity -Produced in red bone marrow |
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Monocytes
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-Make up 3-8% of WBC's
-Phagocutosis -Can change into macrophages |
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WBC's pneumonic
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-Naughty Little Monkeys Eat Bananas says GRANpa
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Hemostasis
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-The process that stops bleeding
-Three steps -1.Blood vessel spasm, 2. formation of platelet plug, 3. blood clotting |
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Blood Vessel Spasm
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-Smooth muscle in blood vessel wall respond by contracting
-Decreases diameter of blood vessel which decreases the amount of blood that flows through the vessel |
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Formation of a Platelet Plug
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-Inner lining of the vessel activates the platelets
-Platelets adhere to the lining of the injured vessel and each other -Platelets also release chemicals that further stimulate vascular spasms and activate the blood-clottting factors -Stress increases stickiness of platelets |
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Aspirin and Bleeding
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-Aspirin slows vascular spasms
-Exerts an antiplatelet effect |
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Blood Clotting
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-Formation of a netlike structure composed of fibrin (protein fibers)
-Large particles such as RBC's and platelets become trapped in the net -Eventually the blood clot seals off the opening and stops the bleeding |
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3 Stages of Blood Coagulation
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-1.Injury activates various clotting factors and when activated they produce prothrombin activator (PTA)
-2. In the presence of calcium, platelets chemicals and PT prothrombin is activated to form thrombin --3. Thrombin activates fibrinogen (which form fibers or the net) |
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Thrombus
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--Blood clot
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Embolus
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-Traveling blood clot
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Vitamin K and Coumadin
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-Coumadin works by blocking the utilization of vitamin K in the hepatic synthesis of prothrombin (step 2). Because spinach contains a lot of vitamin K, it reduces the effectiveness of Coumadin
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Clot Retraction
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-After the clot forms, it becomes smaller as water is squeezed out
-As the clot retracts, the edges of the injured blood vessels are also pulled together |
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Fibrinolysis
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-The process by which a clot is dissolved by plasmin (formed from its inactive form, plasminogen)
-Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) activates plasminogen |
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Blood Type A
-Percent of Population -Antigen -Antibody -Can Receive Blood From -Can Donate To |
-40%
-A antigen -Anti-B antibodies -A, O -A, AB |
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Blood Type B
-Antigen -Antibody -Can Receive Blood From -Can Donate To |
-10%
-B antigen -Anti-Aantibodies -B,O -B,AB |
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Blood Type AB
-Antigen -Antibody -Can Receive Blood From -Can Donate To |
-4%
-A and B antigen -No antibodies -A, B, AB, O -AB |
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Blood Type O
-Antigen -Antibody -Can Receive Blood From -Can Donate To |
-46%
-No antigen -Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies -O -O, A, B, AB |
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Universal Donor
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-O
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Universal Recipient
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-AB
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