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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cells
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the basic unit of life
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All living things are made of?
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Cells
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composite cell
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a cell which has all the structures within, just a teaching device, no cell has all structures
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cell membrane
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outermost limit of a cell
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What are the 3 main structures of the cell membrane?
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Phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
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Phospholipids
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a glycerol molecule connected to two fatty acids and a phosphate (makes up most of membrane)
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Cholesterol
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increases flexibility of the membrane
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Proteins
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provide membrane w/ certain properties two ex. are receptors and pores/channels
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Pores
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allow movement through membrane, always open
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Channels
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allow movement through membrane, can open and close
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Permeable
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a substance is permeable if it can cross the plasma membrane
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Impermeable
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a substance is impermeable if it cannot cross the membrane
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Semipermeable
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a membrane is semipermeable if it allows something to cross (NOT ALL)
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Cytoplasm
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the fluid portion of the cell
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Organelles
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mini organs of a cell
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Ribosome Structure
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small dots
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Ribosome Function
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make protein from RNA
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure
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series of tunnels through cytoplasm
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
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make specialized proteins
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Difference between Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
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RER has ribosomes, SER does not
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Golgi Apparatus (body) structure
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Flattened Sacks
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Golgi Apparatus (body) Function
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packages proteins to be excreted
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Mitochondria structure
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pill shaped w/ maze inside
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Mitochondria function
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uses nutrients to make cellular energy
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Lysosomes Structure
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pill shaped w/ maze inside
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Lysosomes Function
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breaks down substance
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Centrioles Structure
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2 hollow barrels
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Centrioles Function
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seperates chromosomes during cell division
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Cilia Structure
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small finger like extension of membrane
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Cilia Function
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move substances along the cell
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Flagella Structure
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long tail like projection
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Flagella Function
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movement of the cell
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Nucleus Structure
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largest central organelle
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Nucleus Function
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to store genes and caopies of genes
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Nucleolus structure
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dense area in nucleus
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Nucleolus function
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make ribosomes
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chromatin structure
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fine threads of DNA
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chromatin function
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stores ALL recipes for ALL proteins
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chromosomes structure
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dense bundles of chromatin that form during cell division
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chromosomes function
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movement of dna during cell division
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ATP
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cellular energy (adenosine triphosphate)
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ATP RXN
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take a phosphate off of ATP and release energy, which produces ADP, put a phosphate back on to store energy, and make ATP again
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active transport
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transport that requires cellular energy
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2 types of active transport
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pumps and endocytosis
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endocytosis
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moves a particle into the cell by creating a vesticle out of the membrane
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pumps
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pumps use ATP to move molecules across the plasma membrane (from low to high concentration usually)
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pinocytosis
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liquids coming in through endocytosis
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phagocytosis
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solids coming in through endocytosis
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passive transport
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transport which does not require energy
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diffusion
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the random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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what compounds can be diffused
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fat, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
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facilitated diffusion
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diffusion that requires a pore/channel to cross the plasma membrane
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osmosis
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diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
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filtration
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movement through holes in a membrane by pressure (ex. kidneys)
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differentiation
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when a cell changes from a general type to a specific type of cell
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how does differentiation work
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involves turning on and off of genes
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when does differentiation occur most
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during embryonic development
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5 phases of mitosis
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interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (in that order)
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which phase is the longest
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interphase
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interphase
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cell doubles in size, number of organelles, also replicates DNA
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3 steps of interphase
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G1, S, G2 (not sure about order)
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g1
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cell is growing and doubling in size
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g2
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cell is growing and doubling in size
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s
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genetic material is copied
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prophase
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chromatin becomes chromosomes, nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles move to the sides
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metaphase
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chromosomes line up, attached by spindle fibers
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anaphase
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spindle fibers shorten, pulling chromosomes towards opposite side of cell
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telophase
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chromosomes become chromatin, nuclear membrane develops, spindle fibers disappear, cytokinesis occurs
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cytokinesis
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process of splitting the cytoplasm in two
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metabolism
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all of the chemical reactions of a body
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anabolism
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the chemical reactions that build macromolecules
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catabolism
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the chemical reactions that break down macromolecules
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catabolism(carbs)
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breaks down carbs from polysaccharides into many monosaccharides
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anabolism(carbs)
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builds polysaccharide glycogen, made from 100s of glucose
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anaerobic metabolism(glycolysis)
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breaks down glucose (a monosaccharide) w/o oxygen
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aerobic metabolism
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breaks down glucose (a monosaccharide) w/ oxygen
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atp yield of anaerobic metabolism
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2 atp
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atp yield of aerobic metabolism
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32 atp
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transcription
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making of mRNA from DNA
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translation
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making of proteins from mRNA
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where transcription occurs
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nucleus
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where translation occurs
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ribosomes
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