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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A saclike enlargement of a blood vessel caused by weakening of its wall
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ANEURYSM
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Spaces of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles totaling about 150 ml of the 500 ml in a quiet breath (tidal volume)
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ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
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A pain the chest related to reduced coronary circulation due to cornoary artery disease (CAD) or spasms of vascular smooth muscle in coronary arteries.
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Angina Pectoris
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Group of diseases characterized by thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity.
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ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
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Progressive disease characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries walls
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ATHEROSCLEROSIS
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Phase of contraction
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ATRIAL SYSTOLE
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Phase of relaxation
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ATRIAL DIASTOLE
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Valves between the atrials and ventricles
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ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES:
BICUSPID (MITRAL) TRICUSPID |
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Cardiac cells with contract without stimulation
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AUTORHYTHMICITY
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Neuron capable of responding to changes in blood, air, or fluid pressure
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BARORECEPTOR
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Another part of the brain that coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation
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Apneustic Area
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The greatest percentage of CO2, about 70%, is transported in blood plasma as ...
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bicarbonate ions
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Exchange of negative ions, which maintain the electrical balance between blood plasma and RBC cytosol
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chloride shift
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Enzyme in blood that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from water and carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Carbonic Anhydrase
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Sensory receptor that detects the presence of a specific chemical.
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Chemoreceptor
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The difference between a person's maximum cardiac output and cardiac output at rest.
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Cardiac reserve
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Most of the deoxygenated blood from the myocardium drains into a large vascular sinus in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart.
A wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart that collects the blood from the coronary circulation and returns it to the right atrium. |
Coronary sinus
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Dome shaped skeletal muscle between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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Diaphragm
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A blood clot, bubble of air or fat from broken bones, mass of bacteria, or other debris or foreign material transported by the blood.
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Embolus
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ventricles contain 130 ml of blood volume at end of relaxation period.
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End Diastolic Volume
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Blood volume that is left after systole, about 60 ml.
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End Systolic Volume
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The layer of the heart wall, composed of endothelium and smooth muscle, that lines the inside of the heart and covers the valves and tendons that hold the valves open.
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Endocardium
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The 11 pairs of muscles involved in breathing that occupy the superficial layer. They elevate the ribs during inhalation to help expand the thoracic cavity.
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External intercoastal muscles
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The 11 pairs of muscles involved in breathing that occupy the intermediate layer of the intercoastal spaces. The draw adjacent ribs together during forced exhalation to help decrease the size of the thoracic cavity.
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Internal intercoastal muscles
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After SL valves close, there is a brief interval when ventricular blood volume does not change because all four valves are closed.
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isovolumetric relaxation
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Both the SL and AV valves are closed.
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isovolumetric contraction
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-The degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts.
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preload
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-The outermost covering of the blood vessels, consists of elastic & collagen fibers.
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tunica externa
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-is a muscular & connective tissue layer that displays the greatest variation among the differant vessel types.
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tunica media
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-forms the inner lining of blood vessels & is indirect contact w/the blood as it flows through the lumen.
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tunica interna
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-the circulatory system of fetus, exist only in the fetus, the lungs, kidneys & GI do not function until after birth.
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fetus-circulation
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-the combination of aortic & pul.valve.
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semilunar valve
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-is the passageway for the blood from the right Atrium into the R-ventricle.
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tricuspid valve
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-always take blood away from the heart
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arteries
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-always return blood to the heart.
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veins
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-is a prominant feature of interstial septum, also know as oval depression.
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fossa ovale
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-an in the interstial septum of the fetal heart that closes after birth.
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foramen ovale
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-is a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle.
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trabeculae carnea
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muscle involved with inhalation
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External Intercostals
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muscle involved with exhalation
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Internal Intercostals
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A part of the respiratory center in the pons that continually sends inhibitory nerve impulses to the inspiratory area, limiting inhalation and facilitating exhalation.
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Pneumotaxic Center
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A receptor located in muscles, tendons, joints, or the internal ear that provides information about body position and movements
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Proprioceptor
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a valve between the aorta or the pulmonary trunk and a ventricle of the heart.
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Semilunar valves
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Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of the body due to inadequate cardiac output.
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shock
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A stationary clot formed in an unbroken blood vessel, usually a vein
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Thrombus
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air in the pleural cavities
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Pneumothorax
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the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
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partial pressure of a gas
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the area in the lungs where gas exchange should take place but does not. Ex. emphysema where alveoli space has been lost.
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Physiological Dead Space
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the total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute
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minute respiratory volume
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a vessel that arises from an arteriole and supplies a network of capillaries
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Metarteriole
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atrioventricular valve of right side of heart
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Tricuspid Valve
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Blood backs up into the lungs; failure of valves to open
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Mitral Stenosis
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Blood flows back into the left atrium
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Mitral Prolapse
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Has three tunics; larger lumens; and have valves; contain the lowest pressure; carries blood towards the heart;
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Veins
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Has three tunics; mostly smooth muscle; small lumen; contains the highest pressure; carries blood away from the heart; thick tunica media
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Arteries
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regulate blood flow from artery into the capillary; has greater pressure than capillaries.
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Arterioles
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Where is the cross sectional area the greatest?
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Capillary bed
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Venules pressure is <,>,= Arterioles pressure
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less than
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low oxygen
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hypoxia
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high carbon dioxide
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hypercapnia
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Hormone sequence
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BV decreases or blood flow to kidneys decreases;
kidneys release RENIN; Renin CONVERTS angiotensiongen into Angiotension-1; ACE-Angiotension Converting Enzyme in the lungs convert Angio-1 to Angiotensin II which increases BP; Vasoconstriction of Arterioles; Secretion of Aldosterone from Adrenal Cortex; Increases re-absorption of sodium (active transport) and water (osmosis) by kidneys; therefore increasing blood volume and BP. |
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Adrenal medulla hormones;
increase rate and force of contractions; vasoconstricts arterioles in skin and abdominal organs; vasodilates arteriles of cardiac and skeletal muscles |
Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine |
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causes vasoconstriction; increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys; inserts water channels Aquaporin II-water can follow Na
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ADH
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short term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating what three things?
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vessel diameter;
heart rate; heart contractility |
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Two major arterial baroreceptors are located where?
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carotid sinus;
arch of aorta |
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What is the effect of BP on the impulses sent to the brain, the effect on the PNS and SNS nervous systems and the resulting change in BP
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I-BP-> I-IMPULSES-> I=PNS AND D SNS-> D BP
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As a result of these changes in PNS AND SNS, list the effects on the heart and blood vessels
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Heart:
Decrease in HR/contractility Decrease in CO Decrease in SV Blood vessels: Increase in arteriolar diameter Decrease in resistance Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle |
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Show the effect of decreasing BP
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Decrease impulses
Decrease PNS Increase SNS Increase BP |
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What enzyme is released as a result of low blood pressure?
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Renin
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Two effects of Angiotension II
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Vasoconstrictor
Goes to adrenal glands to release aldosterone |
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How does aldosterone increase blood volume
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increase reabsorption of Na and water by kidneys
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The main effect of aldosterone is....
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opens up channels in collecting duct to allow Na to leave;
increases reabsorption of Na and water from kidney tubules |
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smallest of the blood vessels; thin tunica media; site of exchange of nutrients
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capillaries
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Pressure of a gas in a closed container is INVERSELY proportional to the volume.
Vol of container (inc., dec.,)then pressure ...... |
Boyle's Law
Volume of container increases, pressure decreases. Volume of container decreases, pressure increases |
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During Tidal Volume, normal exhalation uses what muscles?
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It is a passive process so no muscles contractions.
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The muscles involved in inhalation
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Diaphragm and External Intercostals
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Histamine will .......... bronchioles........resistance........airflow....arterioles
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constrict
increase decrease dilate |
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Epinephrine will ....... bronchioles.......resistance.......airflow during exercise.....arterioles
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dilate
decrease increase constrict |
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acetylcholine will ..... bronchioles.......resistance......airflow
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constrict
increase decrease |
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The p exerted by each gas in a mixture, with no relation to any other p
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partial pressure
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carbon dioxide is transported by
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dissolving;
bicarbonate ion; bound to hemoglobin |
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What moves in to keep electrical gradient?
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Cl-
Chloride Shift |
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site in brain stem that coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation. Inhibits inspiration.
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Pneumotaxic Area
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part of brain stem that coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation. In the lower pons, this area sends stimulatory impulses to the aspiratory area that activates it and prolongs inhalation.
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Apneustic Area
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A tricuspid insufficiency allows blood to flow back into the
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right atrium
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the amount of venous return is termed
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preload
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the maximum amount of air exhaled after a normal expiration is
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ERV
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The amount of air left in the lungs after a forced exhalation is
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residual volume
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after hyperventilating, indicate what happens to these factors;
pH, CO2; O2; ACIDITY |
increase
decrease increase increase |
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the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
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inspiratory capacity
TV + IRV=IC |
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Breathing in; the air pressure in the lungs is equal to the air pressure of the atmosphere at sea level.
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Inspiration (Inhalation)
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pigment that gives blood its red color; carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
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hemoglobin
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sum of residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
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RV+ERV=FRV(Functional Residual Volume)
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Breathing out; the pressure in the lungs is greater than atmosphere
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Expiration (Exhalation)
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emphysema or chronic bronchitis; is increased air way resistance due to obstruction or collapse of air ways
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COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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when CO2 enters the blood it is transformed into ..... by carbonic anhydrase
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carbonic acid
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collapse of part of lung
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Atelectasis
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the amount of air inhaled
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume IRV
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oxygen and hemoglobin bound together
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Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
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air that is left inside the lungs
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residual volume RV
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increases secretion of angiotensin 2 and aldosterone, which increases blood volume; increasing blood pressure
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Renin
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Three areas:
1; the medullary rhythmicity area in the medulla oblongata 2; the pneumotaxic area in the pons 3; the apneustic area, also in pons |
Respiratory Center
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the volume of one breath
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Tidal Volume
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the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
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Vital Capacity=IRV+ERV+TV
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blood left after ventricle empty
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Ventricle systole
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blood left after ventricle fill
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Ventricular Diastole
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areas in the brain that regulate breathing, heart rate, and vasoconstriction
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Vital centers
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carries venous blood from gastrointestinal organs and spleen to liver
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Hepatic Circulation
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pressure between two pleural layers and cavity is always lower than atmospheric pressure
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Negative Intrathoracic Pressure
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medullary respiratory area; establishes the basic rhythm in breathing
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Inspiratory Center
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