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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The walls of arteries have 3 layers of tissue surrounding the lumen. What are they?
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inner = endothelium, basement membrane, elastic lamina
middle = smooth muscle and elastic tissue outer = elastic and collagen fibers |
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small arteries
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arterioles
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Sympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system innervate _____ muscle.Increase in sympathetic stimulation causes ______
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vascular smooth muscle; vasoconstriction.
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Decrease of sympathetic stimulation causes _____
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vasodilatation
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capillaries connect what to what?
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arterioles to venules
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capillary walls are ______ and are made of
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transparent; endothelium and basement.
Because of the thinness of these walls, exchange between the blood and the body cells are possible. |
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venules are similar in structure to _____; their walls are only slightly _____ than those of capillaries
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arterioles
thicker |
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veins are structurally similar to _____; but what is different?
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arteries; vein's middle and inner layers are thinner with much less elastic tissue.
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In some veins, the inner layer folds inward to form _____ that do what?
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valves; that prevent the backflow of blood.
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Weak venous valve may cause ______
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varicose
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arteries carry blood ____ the heart and toward _______ in the _______
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away from; toward capillaries in the tissue.
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arterioles play a key role in doing what?
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regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries.
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Because capillaries are numerous and their walls are very thing and blood flows so slowly, ______ can occur
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capillary exchange
for ex., oxygen, carbon, dioxide, glucose, amino acids, and hormones enter and leave capillaries by diffusion |
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all plasma solutes except _____ pass easily across most capillary walls
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proteins
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________ can make the fluid move out and _________ can make the fluid move in.
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capillary blood pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure |
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blood colloid osmotic pressure is maintained by
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concentration of solutes, especially proteins.
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In some diseases, such as nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver, decreased _________ causes ________
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plasma protein; edema
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venules and veins drain __________ and return blood to the ________
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capillaries in the tissues; the heart
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The blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins occurs due to the pressure generated by ?
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contractions of left ventricle
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how much blood flow in venules vs. right ventricle?
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16 mm/Hg in venules and 0mm Hg in right ventricle.
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By the time blood leaves the capillaries and moves into veins, it has lost a great deal of _______
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pressure
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clinically, blood samples are obtained from a _____ because ?
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vein; pressure is low and many of the veins are close to the skin surface.
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What is a pulse?
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the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery after each contraction of the left ventricle.
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What is the most common place to feel the pulse?
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the radial artery at the wrist
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What is the second most common place to feel the pulse?
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common carotic artery next to the voice box on the neck (used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
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Normal pulse rate
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same as heart: 60-100 times per minute in adult at rest, tho most people are around 70-80.
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Tachycardia pulse rate
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over 100 beats/min
can be seen in exercise, fever, or hyperthyroidism |
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bradycardia rate
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under 60 beats/min
can be seen in sick sinus syndrome, hypothyroidism, or some normal people. |
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What is blood pressure (BP)?
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the force exerted by the blood against the walls of vessels
product of the output of the heart and the resistance in the vessels. |
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The output of the heart is influenced by what 2 things?
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1. strength of the contraction of the heart
2. total blood volume |
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The resistance in the vessels is affected by what 3 things?
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1. vasomotor change
2. elasticity of blood vessels 3. viscosity of the blood |
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Blood pressure is regulated by what?
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CV (cardiovascular) center and some hormones.
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What is the CV center?
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medulla oblongata
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the higher brain regions:
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including cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus.
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The sensory receptors; proprioceptors
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in skeletal muscles, tendons, and labyrinth provide impulses during physical activity, or reaction to some stimulations from environment
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baroreceptors
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pressure receptors located in aorta, internal carotid arteries, and other large arteries in neck and chest. They send impulses continuously to CV center to regulate the BP thru autonomic nerve system.
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chemoreceptors
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located in two carotid bodies in common carotid arteries and one aortic body in the arch of the aorta. Monitor blood levels of O2, CO2, and H+ and send the impulses to CV center during hypoxia, acidosis, and hypercapnia to produce vasoconstriction and increase of BP.
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Several hormones help regulate blood pressure, which include (4)
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1. Raa: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: when blood volume falls or blood flow to the kidney decreases, certain cells in the kidneys secrete rennin and activate Raa system. angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone increases Na+ and water reabsorption. Both ELEVaTE BP
2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine: in response to sympathetic stimulation, adrenal medulla releases these hormones, which increase cardiac output by increasing the rate and force of heart contractions; they also cause vasoconstriction of arteries and veins in the skin and abdominal organs to INCREaSE BP. 3. antidiuretic hormone (adh), aka vasopressin, secreted by posterior pituitary and causes vasoconstriction and INCREaSES BP. 4. atrial natriuretic peptide (anp): released by the cells in the atria of the heart, anp LOWERS blood pressure by causing vasodilatation, promoting the loss of salt and water in the urine. |
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What lowers BP?
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anp (atrial natriuretic peptide)
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what instrument measures blood pressure?
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sphgmomanometer.
pump 170-200 mmHg. |
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First sound heard when reading blood pressure
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systolic pressure
occurs during heart muscle contraction |
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last sound heard when reading blood pressure
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diastolic pressure
occurs during relaxation of the heart muscle. |
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Normal range bp:
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<140/90 mmHg and >90/60 mmHg. avg level in young adult at rest is about 120/80mmHg.
Bp > or = 240/90 mmHg indicated hypertension and BP < or = 90/60 mmHg indicates hypotension |
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all systemic circulation branches from
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aorta
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aorta, which arises from the ________ and can be divided into 4 parts:
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arises from the left ventricle of the heart, divided into:
1. ascending aorta: gives off two coronary arteries and which supply oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle 2. arch of the aorta: the branches supply the head and neck and the organs therein and both upper extremities. 3. thoracic aorta: the branches supply the chest wall, organs in the chest, such as esophagus, bronchi, pericardium, and plurae, etc . 4. abdominal aorta: the branches supply organs in abdomen, such as stomach, small and large intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands, and kidneys, etc. Divided also into two common iliac arteries and their branches, which supply both lower extremities. |
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all the systemic veins empty into the ___, _______, or ______, which in turn empty into the __________
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superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus.....right atrium.
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When deoxygenated blood returns to the heart from the systemic route, it is pumped out of the _______ ventricle through pulmonary trunk and two _________ into the __________. Here, it loses __________ and picks up __________.
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pulmonary arteries
lungs. loses carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. |
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In pulmonary circulation, oxygenated blood returns through _________ through ______
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left atrium
through 4 pulmonary veins. |
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In pulmonary circulation, _____ carry deoxygenated blood and _____ carry oxygenated blood
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pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins |
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Some chronic lung or heart disease may cause deficiency of oxygen of the body and _______ appears
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cyanosis
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A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another is called a
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portal vein
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The hepatic portal vein, formed by the union of what 3 veins?
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splenic, superior, and interior mesenteric veins.
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Hepatic portal vein receives blood from capillaries of ______ and delivers it to ______
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digestive organs
capillary-like structures in the liver called sinusoids. |
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During hepatic portal circulation, liver receives oxygenated blood from the
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systemic circulation via the hepatic artery
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Ultimately, all blood leaves the sinusoids of the liver through the _____ which drain into the ?
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hepatic veins, which drain into the inferior vena cava
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Some liver disease like cirrhosis of liver may cause ______ which can lead to ?
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hypertension of portal vein, which results in ascites, splenomegaly, and bleeding of esophageal varications, etc.
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Shock is?
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a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs. It does not constitute a disease, which s a clinical syndrome of acute circulatory failure induced by many causes, and the pathogenesis is complicated.
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Common types of shock include these 5 things:
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1. cardiogenic shock: also called pump failure, as occurs in myocardial infarction (heart attack)
2. infectious shock: is is caused by infection of microbes, such septicemia resulting from pneumonia, pyelonephrities, etc. which is also called septic shock 3. hypovolemic shock: decreased blood volume may be caused by acute hemorrhage (injury, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, etc.) or severe dehydration 5. Anaphylactic shock: is a severe allergic reaction caused by injection of some drugs like penecillin, or serum reagents, etc. 6. neurogenic shock: due to injury or ischemia of brain or spinal cord, which cause inhibition of vasomotor center and loss of vascular strength |
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common clinical features of shock include:
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low blood pressure (systolic pressure < 90 mmHg), rapid heart and pulse rates, cool and pale skin, sweating, oliguria, etc. Clinically acute and severe condition.
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Hypertension
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defined as persistently high blood pressure.
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Hypertension can be divided into two things:
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essential or secondary
about 5% patients with secondary hypertension are caused by some primary diseases (renal disease and endocrine disease, etc.) 90-95% patients with essential hypertension are etiologically unknown. Pathogenesis may be related to genetic factor, diet (esp high Na intake), obesity, endocrine and nervous factors, etc. can also cause complications such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and hypertensive nephropathy |
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How do you lower the risk of hypertension?
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Lose weight, limit alcohol intake, exercise, reduce intake of Na and increase intake of K, Ca, and Mg, do not smoke, and manage stress
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