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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define a Great Circle? |
The largest possible circle that can be drawn around a sphere. Circle on the surface of a sphere that shares the same centre an radius of the sphere. Represents the shortest distance between two points. |
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Define a Rhumb Line? |
A line which cuts the Earth's meridians at an a constant angle.
Represents a line of constant direction in degrees true.
Only Great Circles which are also rhumb lines are the Meridians and the Equator.
They are not the shortest distance between points.
Appear as a convex curve toward the Equator. |
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What is 1° of longitude at the equator in nautical miles? |
60nm |
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How are sensitive areas represented and what are the limits? |
Yellow Circles. 1nm and 1,000ft |
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What does the Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) represent on a VNC chart? |
Represented in thousands and hundreds of feet AMSL. Based on the highest known feature in each quadrangle, including terrain and obstacles. |
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Define the PBN specs? |
RNAV 1 (+/- 1nm 95% of the time). RNAV 2 (+/- 2nm 95% of the time). RNAV 5 (+/- 5nm 95% of the time). RNP 1 (+/- 1nm 95% and +/- 2nm 99.99% of the time). RNP 2 (+/- 2nm 95% and +/- 4nm 99.99% of the time). RNP APCH (+/- 0.3nm 95% and +/- 0.6nm 99.99% of the time).
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What is the corridor for Leg Safe Altitudes, Operating Safe Altitudes, and Area Safe Altitudes? Where is the corridor? |
Corridors: 1. Leg Safe Altitude: 5nm 2. Operating Safe Altitude: 10nm 3. Area Safe Altitude: 30nm Corridor either side of the track and a radius around each way point and aerodromes of arrival and departure. |
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When will an IFR flight plan terminate at an uncontrolled aerodrome and controlled aerodrome? |
Uncontrolled: Must contact ATS (controlling agency) within 15 minutes of last advised ETA or SARTIME. Controlled: Flight plans will automatically be terminated. |
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What is a Lamberts Conformal Projection and what are its properties? |
A projection of a portion of a sphere onto a cone utilizing reference parallels of latitude where no distortion is present. Distortion increases further from the reference parallels.
Properties: 1. Map is orthomorphic (conformal) between the reference parallels. 2. Scale is considered constant. Contracted slightly between reference parallels and expanded slightly beyond them. 3. Great circles are straight lines. 4. Rhumb lines curve towards the poles. 5. Equivalence achieved over small areas. |
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Rate of climb equation? |
VSI (ft/min) = Gradient % x GS x 1.013 |
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What is an Isogonal? |
Indicating or connecting points of the Earth's surface at which the magnetic variation is the same.
Map of Earth's mag variation. |
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What is Earth's convergence and what effect does it have on a Rhumb Line? |
Convergence is caused due to the dissimilar angles the Meridians intercept various latitudes due to their convergence from the equator to the poles. Lines of meridians are only parallel at the equator. The angle of inclination between a meridian and a given latitude is called convergence. Causes Rhumb Lines to curve convex toward the equator. Rhumb Lines are only flown for less than a 1000nm. |
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What is WGS84? |
World Geodetic System 1984.
It is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation, including GPS. NZ Geodetic Datum is similar and considered the same. |
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What is a map where angles are constantly represented, and why are they used? |
Orthomorphic Chart.
Ease of use. |
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What happens to an Altimeter when flying from high to low pressure? |
High - Low - High Altimeter will display higher altitude than desired. |
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How many seconds in an angular degree? |
3600. |
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What is a Standard Closing Angle? |
Technique used when there us no suitable feature visible on track to fly to. Is based on the 1:60 rule and is determined by the GS of the aircraft. An alteration of track equal to the SCA held for 1 minute will elimate 1nm of track error. 210GS - 17° 180GS - 20° 150GS - 24° |
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Convert: A. 1km to feet. B. 1nm to feet. |
A. 3280ft B. 6080ft (6076.1ft) |
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Define Critical Altitude? |
Altitude at which 100% tq is no longer available. 16,000ft AMSL on a standard day. |
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What is variation and deviation? |
Angular difference between true north and magnetic north.
Angular difference between magnetic north and compass north. |
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What is the Prime Meridian? |
The meridian which intercepts Greenwich, UK. It serves as the datum from where other degrees of longitude are measured. Separates the hemispheres. |
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What are SOP methods of deviating and re-intercepting track? |
1. Triangle (30° = 1/4, 45° = 1/2, 60° = 1/1, increase GS by deviation angle to not lose time, 20° to 30°). 2. Parallelogram 3. Corner Cut |
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What fuel can the T-6C use? |
JP4 JP5 JP8 JET A JET A-1 JET B |
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Crosswind Calculations? |
10° = 0.2 20° = 0.3 30° = 0.5 40° = 0.6 50° = 0.7 60° = 0.8 70° = 0.9 80° = 1 90° = 1 |
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Class C and D VFR Met Minima? |
Cloud Sep: - 2km Horizonally - 1,000ft vertically outside a CTR - 500ft vertically inside a CTR
Visibility: - 8km at or above 10,000ft AMSL - 5km below 10,000ft AMSL |
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Class G VFR Met Minima above the plane of division? |
Cloud Sep: - 2km horizonally - 1,000ft vertically
Visibility: - 8km at or above 10,000ft AMSL - 5km below 10,000ft AMSL |
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Class G VFR Met Minima below the plane of devision? |
Cloud Sep: - Clear of cloud in sight of surface. Visibility: - 5km |
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Aerodromes within a CTR Met Minima? |
Day and Night Ceiling: 1,500ft Visibility: 5km |
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Unattended Aerodromes Met Minima? |
Day Ceiling: 600ft Visibility: 1500m Night Ceiling: 1500ft Visibility: 8km |
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SVFR Met Minima and Requirements? |
Ceiling: 600ft Visibility: 1500m By day only. Clear of cloud. In compliance with ATC clearance and instruction. Equipped with a two-way radio. Within a CTR. |
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Special Use Airspace? |
Restricted Areas (Approval required). Danger Areas (Considerations, no Approval required). Volcanic Hazard Zones (Considerations, no approval required). MOAs (Approval required). |
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Define Low Flying (AVO)? |
1,000ft AGL or any obstacle that is within a horizontal radius of 600m from the point immediately below the aircraft over built up areas and 500ft AGL or any obstacle, person, vehicle, vessel, or structure that is within a horizontal radius of 150m from a point immediately below the aircraft. |
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How are built up areas defined (AVO)? |
Identified as a built up area in the legend of a current 1:500000 NZ VNC. Yellow shading. |
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Define MSD? |
Minimum distance around an aircraft within which no object that is not apart of, or attached to the aircraft is permitted to enter when the aircraft is airborne. |
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Fuel Requirements? |
Minimum Landing Fuel - 200lbs - 100lbs holding - 100lbs minimum fuel Pre Take Off Fuel - 50lbs Enroute Fuel Divert Fuel Contingency 5% of enroute and divert fuel Approach and Landing - 70lbs Missed Approach - 35lbs Ground Handling - 50lbs Unusable - 0lbs |
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Long Range vs Max Range |
Long Range Cruise sacrifices a small amount of range/negligible fuel penalty to travel at a greater speed. |
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How are hazards represented on a VNC chart? |
Red markings/icons |
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How far should built up areas be avoided when low flying? |
1nm laterally NI 1,000ft vertically |
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How to measure distance on a map? |
1 second of latitude is equivalent to 1nm. Each division on the lines of longitude on a 1:250000 and 1:500000 chart equates to 1nm. Tip of thumb to first knuckle is approximately 5nm on a 1:250000 chart. |
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What are the Latitude and Longitude formats? |
Latitude is always expressed before Longitude. Formats: 1. Degrees - Decimal Degrees. 2. Degrees - Minutes - Decimal Minutes. 3. Degrees - Minutes - Seconds - Decimal Seconds. |
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When will an VFR flight plan be terminated at a uncontrolled aerodrome and controlled aerodrome? |
VFR flights must request their flight plan be terminated at both uncontrolled and controlled aerodromes. |
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What is a Mecator Projection and what are the properties? |
A projection of a portion of a sphere projected onto a cylinder. General appearance is rectangular - lines of latitude and longitude are straight lines. Scale increases towards the poles - spacing of lines of latitude increase towards the pole. Properties: 1. Orthomorphic. 2. Rhumb lines are straight lines. 3. Great circles curve nearer the poles. 4. Scale increases with distance from the equator. 5. Areas are not equivalent. 6. Poles cannot be projected due to Earth's convergence. 7. Adjacent sheets fit together. |
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What does METAR conditions represent? |
Wind is represented as degrees true from wind experienced by the AWS at aerodrome level. Clouds are expressed in feet AGL. |
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What is the landing distance chart based upon? |
Max effort braking without skidding. |
