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168 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Free Trade Economy
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-no protective tariffs
-britain relied on export goods -most of the food came from imports -international division of labor |
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Boer War
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-1899-1902
-britain went into the south african transvaal -discovery of gold -fear that south africa would break off as a colony, making the other british colonies and settlers vulnerable -savage british war (guerrilla war, concentration camps) -fears of national unfitness and decline |
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Joseph Chamberlain
|
-radical liberal
-introduced measures to improve the urban infrastructure in Birmingham -served as colonial secretary 1895-1903 -wanted to introduce tarrif reforms and end free trade -left the liberals to join the conservatives -lost the landslide election to the liberals, who were in favour free trade -thought that germany was a natural ally to britain (wanted to stop russian expansion) |
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Tariff Reform
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-preference to the colonies of the british empire
-from free trade (no tariffs) to protective tariffs (taxation on incoming goods) -proposed by Joseph Chamberlain, publicly disliked -small loaf vs. big loaf |
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National Efficiency
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-take the money from tariff reforms and put it towards social policies in britain
-highly protectionist -proposed by Joseph Chamberlain -was the main part of the conservative platform in the 1906 election, in which they lost in a landslide |
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Liberal Landslide
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-rallied around the idea of free trade to counteract the conservative policy of tariff reform (as headed by Joseph Chamberlain) in 1906
-big loaf vs. small loaf -won a "landslide" victory |
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Classic Liberalism
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-consists of free trade, liberal economics, limited electorates, secularism, non-interventionist economy and localized politics
-won the 1906 election based on the principle of defending pre-trade -pre-labor party was the choice of the working class -home rule for Ireland |
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Labourism
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-dominance of the social class in the political, social and economic spheres
-support for workers rights -led to the labor parties and unions -gradual change within the existing society rather than working for its dramatic overthrow (not a radical overthrow by the workers like in russia) -made possible my the relatively accommodating british government |
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Liberal Manliness
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-individual should be independent of all patronage and control. should be fully responsible for their actions
|
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New Liberalism
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-concerns about poverty and overcrowding that had been highlighted since the 1880’s
-despite improving standards for the majority, the minority have been left behind in chronic poverty -sapping the strength of the nation and national efficiency -seen as the alternative to socialism -government intervention in welfare was key -taxation and redistribution of wealth -pushed by David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill |
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Winston Churchill
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-originally liberal then became conservative
-said new liberalism was an alternative to socialism -aristocratic prime minister 1940-1945 -came in after Chamberlain to finish WW2 -first lord of the admiralty in WW1 |
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David Lloyd George
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-liberal prime minister 1900-1945
-wanted a modern welfare state, bringing up the standard of living -replaced Asquith |
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Herbert Henry Asquith
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-introduced old age pensions in 1908 and national insurance in 1911
-liberal prime minister 1908-1916 -reduction of the power of the house of lords -introduced the peoples budget to pay for the welfare programs and new battle ships |
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National Insurance
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-introduced in 1911 by Henry Asquith
-compulsory insurance against sickness and unemployment -weekly contributions by the worker, gov and employer |
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Dreadoughts
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-british battle ships commissioned by Asquith
-arms race against germany, britain wanted to remain the most powerful navy -1906 (pre WW1) |
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Peoples Budget
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-raise tax from the rich, redistribute to the poor
-introduced by Asquith (liberal) 1909 -conservatives thought that tariffs on imports would be better -money went to naval ships and social reforms |
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Parliament Act
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-removal of absolute veto by parliament
-1911 -house of lords (conservative) kept declining bills from the house of commons (liberal) -parliament bill stated that the all parliamentary bills needed only to be passed by the house of lords, or by the house of commons 3 years successively -allowed for the home rule act to be passed |
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National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
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-more conservative
-pre-WW1 (1897) -wanted to get the vote for women -Millicent Garrett Fawcett |
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Women's Social and Political Union
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-more radical
-"suffragets" - pre-WW1 (1903) -wanted the vote -Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurt -window smashing, hunger strikes etc |
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Andrew Bonar Law
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-conservative prime minister 1923 (post WW1)
-halted liberal attempts to pass the 3rd liberal home rule attempt -leader of the conservatives during the Ulster crisis of 1912-2914 -wanted to exclude all 9 countries of ulster from home rule, and they were st |
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Ulster Crisis
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-1912-1914
-ulster was protestant and wanted to stay united with britain (were against home rule) -feared persecution if irish catholics came into power -also were highly industrialized, so their interests were not that of the rest of the country |
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Home Rule
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-ireland wanted to have their own self government within
-supported by the liberals, conservatives were against -the protestants of ulster were against -3rd home rule bill was passes in 1914 but never came into effect due to the outbreak of WW1 |
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Weltpolitik
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-Kaiser Wilhelm
-wanted to turn germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy, large navy, and acquisition of overseas colonies -"place in the sun" -adopted in 1980 -threatening to british sea lanes -led to the Moroccan Crisis' |
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Entente Cordiale
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-agreement with britain and france
-france accepted british control over egypt, and britain accepted french control in morocco -1904 -made them allies (sphere of influence) -strengthened by moroccan crisis' |
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First Moroccan Crisis
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-1905-1906
-germany landed in french controlled morocco (taking advantage of the fact that france's ally, russia, was busy) -britain came to france's aid (strength of the entente cordiale, and due to self interest of threatened shipping lanes) -can be seen as a reason for the anglo russian entente because both countries backed france -germany was isolated, so had to pull back |
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Second Moroccan Crisis
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-1911
-germany sent ship (Panther) to "protect the german residents" there, but actually it was to bully france out of control of morocco -angered the brits, who wanted protection of their shipping lanes and colonies in the area -germany backed down again -led to the arms race in germany and britain |
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Total War
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-80% of britain's spending was on the war
-went from lending money to reliance on american funding -economy, organized labour, women, recruitment and moral -standards of living improved while national financial and economic standing plummeted |
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Arthur Henderson
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-first labour cabinet member
-in the war council 1914 -labor party -aired the views of the workers, showed how important the labourers were in total war |
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Marie Stopes
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-wrote Married Love
-pioneer in birth control -reflects the reduced rigidity of morals and restrictions on women after the wars |
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Military Service Bill
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-conscription introduced in 1916 after the lack of success of the derby scheme of 1915
-needed to make up for the huge casualties on the western front -exposed the poor health of the general public of britain -liberals were against it (against their ideas of limited government intervention) |
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Conscientious Objectors
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-conscription of 1916 turned pacifism into a political issue
-in general, opposition to the war was on a small scale among radical liberals |
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Bertrand Russel
|
-prominent anti-war activist
-championed anti imperialism -went to prison for pacifism during WW1 -thought the war undermined the ideas of liberalism |
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Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)
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-1914-1918 (duration of WW1)
-government took control of munitions and clothing industries, shipping, mines and food rationing -highly anti-liberal -caused the split of the liberal party between Lloyd Georges (defence minister) and Asquith (current PM) -Lloyd George took over and became PM |
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Dardanelles Fiasco
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-1915-1916
-britain and france tried to move up the channel in turkey to occupy constantinople -epic fail, no tactic or organization -churchill resigned as first lord of the admiralty |
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Shell Scandal
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-short of artillery shells in the front lines
-showed british military incompetence in WW1 -significantly impacts the fall of the liberal government in favour of a coalition |
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Coalition WW1
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-december 1916
-Lloyd George became prime minister of the coalition -Liberals and Conservatives (they dominated) -liberals were still split between Asquith and Lloyd George -response to the dardanelles fiasco and shell scandal -led to conservatives being in control for all but 3 of the interwar years |
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Maurice Debate
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-in the house of commons in 1918
-Sir Fredrick Morris accused the war cabinet of having had deliberately held soldiers back from the western front and had lied to parliament it -resulted in a more visible and harder to fix liberal divide -Asquith attacked Lloyd George about it (so much for being on the same side) |
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Act of Union
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-1801
-abolished the irish parliament in Dublin and incorporated irish MP’s into the British parliament -led to the debate about home rule today |
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Easter Rising
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-uprising in dublin 1916
-after the home rule bill had passed in government, but the bill still hadnt been enacted due to WW1 -aided by the germans -not very popular with the irish |
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Sinn Fein, 1918 election
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-1918 election
-irish political party that was for home rule -separated in 1958 to become the IRA -boycotted westminster and set up a parliament in Dublin called the Dail, proclaiming independence -Britain did not officially recognize this parliament |
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Irish Free State
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-were negotiating with Lloyd George but didn't accept any of his offers for home rule and partitioning (for Ulster)
-got seriously mad when they didn't get what they were promised (home rule) immediately after WW1 |
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Boom of 1919
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-caused by pent up consumer demands and spending on new plant and machinery
-based on the assumption pre-war conditions and markets would return (which they wouldn't) -bubble burst in 1920, which led to high interest rates and reduced government spending -staple industries weakened exponentially in the war |
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Staple Industries
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-coal
-ship building -cotton |
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Jarrow Crusade
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-1936
-protest of poverty -workers from the town of jarrow marched 300 miles to london -wanted jobs to be brought to their town -after a closure of a shipyard -reflects the economic bubble burst post WW1 |
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Import Duties Bill
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-1932
-ended free trade -protectionist tariff of 10% -coalition was still in charge |
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Gold Standard
|
-the value of a currency is related to a gold standard
-taken off the gold standard in WW1, then when Churchill put them back on it, it was an economic failure |
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Ottawa Conference
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-british colonies met to discuss the effects of the great depression
-1931 -accepted the failure of the gold standard, and agreed to get off it (which helped the british economy) -established limited tariffs for the british colonies and high tariffs for the rest of the world (protectionism) |
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Coupon Election
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-3x the amount of voters due to the representation of peoples act
-Lloyd George and his coallition was popular -patriotic campaigning -promised a "land of heroes" -landslide victory -1918 (post war) |
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Representation of Peoples Act
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-introduced universal manhood suffrage – vote to all males over the age of 21 and to all who had served in the armed forces regardless of age (except conscientious objectors) after WW1
-had to appeal to the soldiers returning (not upper class usually) -women over the age of 30 got to vote -excluded those young single women who had played the role of the persuaders who got parliament to consider giving women the vote -3x the number of voters than the last election -led to the coupon election |
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Triple Alliance
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-miners
-railway men -transport workers -failed, due to the lack of support for black friday -post WW1 labour unrest |
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Stanley Baldwin
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-conservative
-replaced Bonar Law as Prime Minister 1924 after he had to step down due to cancer -beat out the aristocratic Lord Kersum for the position -signified a shift in british politics from aristocracy to the people -first prime minster who was heard on the radio -introduced social reforms like the widows and old age pension act -2nd time in power was best known for the general strike of 1926 |
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General Strike of 1926
|
-minors went on strike, then the next day the union brought out millions of workers in support of the minors
-lasted only 9 days -clear victory for the government (they didn’t give in) -unions wanted to get change through parliament and government, not through militant striking |
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Addison Act
|
-1919
-act passed to allow the building of new houses after WW1 -building of state owned housing (de-slum) -result of the Tudor Walters Report of 1918 -4 million hew houses built in the interwar period |
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Treaty of Versailles
|
-1919 post WW1
-attempt to reduce German power -restricting the size of Germany’s armed forces -demanding considerable financial reparations -reduce the extent of German territory -incredibly harsh and led to the conditions of appeasement and german hostility |
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Anglo-German Naval Agreement
|
-1935
-regulating the size of the german navy in relation to the british navy -still thought that germany was reasonable -Baldwin |
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Ministries of WW2
|
-1940 in preparation for the possibility of war, the british government established ministries of food, economic warfare, shipping, home security and labour and nation and nation service
-reflects the Defence of Realm Act installed in WW1 -Churchill was in power, conservative (still anti-traditional liberal values) |
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Home Guard
|
-WW2
-defence force of people in their local communities to watch british coastlines etc -neighbourhood watch |
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The Blitz
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-september 7 1940
-57 consecutive nights in london -break the moral of the people -less casualties than the people of london had expected -brought the war home |
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Battle of the Atlantic
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-1939-1945
-naval blockade of germany against britain -u-boat domination(wolf pacs) of the atlantic -convoys of the merchant navy trying to supply the continent -won by the allies when the german enigma code was broken, and they could locate the german wolfpacs, steering their conveys away from them |
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1945 Labor Landslide Election
|
-ended the wartime coalition
-may 1945 -labor won 48% of the vote -took the conservatives out of their pre-war power -labor promised better commitment to reconstruction than the other parties -people liked churchill, just not his (conservative) party -conservatives couldn't claim labor didn't have the experience to rule, because they had been in the coalition government -during the war the conservatives had been in charge of the war front, and labor had been in charge of administration, so labor had been more publicly visible |
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"Never Again" Mentality
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-widespread appeal to national unity and solidarity
-wanted no more wars |
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Post-War Reconstruction
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-conservatives seen as unconvincing deconstructionists (hadn't embraced the beverage report)
-labor looked committed to social reform, while conservatives looked tentative -hadn't been much social reform in the years the conservatives had been in power |
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"Peoples peace"
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-labor party claim after the second world war
-wanted a "peoples peace" after a "peoples war" -won the 1945 election on principles of full employment, housing reforms, and social insurance |
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Clement Attlee
|
-Prime Minister 1945
-won in the 1945 labor landslide election -from a upper middle class background -nationalization occurred under him in large scale -followed the bevridge report and enacted the national insurance act, national assistance act and the national health service -didn't enact any radical social changes to the class structure (missed opportunity) |
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Nationalization
|
-labour party policy in the post-war reformation
-took 20% of the economy out of private hands -not a radical switch to nationalization, some had already been done under Baldwin -goal behind all the nationalization was efficient public management (centeralization, planning etc) |
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National Insurance Act
|
-1946
-enacted by Attlee's labor government -compulsory insurance system for all adults -benefits for health, unemployment, widows pensions, disability insurance.. -was part of the Beveridge report |
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National Assistance Act
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-1946
-enacted by Attlee's labor government -helped families not adequately protected by national insurance (homeless, disabled, single mothers) -part of the Beveridge report |
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National Health Service
|
-1948
-enacted by Attlee's labor government -brought together the former patchwork of hospitals in Britain under state control -provide free medical care for everyone -set up by Aneurin Bevan -part of the Bevridge report |
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R.A. Butler's Education Act
|
-1944
-R.A. Butler was the conservative minister of education in the late coalition -extended secondary education to everyone up to the age of 14 -set up a 2 tiered education system: grammar schools (for the elite) and modern schools -re-enforced the class distinction by providing unfair advantages to the middle class |
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Marshall Plan
|
-US cash injected into the european economy
-attempt to stop the spread of communism -started in 1948 and went for 4 years -helped to the british economy but also devaluated the pound by 30% |
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Post War Austerity
|
-policies to combat budget deficits
-accepting the marshall dollars -rationing continued after the war |
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"Quit India" Campaign
|
-labor wanted to remove the burdens of the empire
-labor had a long standing commitment to getting self-government for india -competing ethnic claims for who would take over when britain pulled out (hindu party of the muslim league) -partitioning of India was the solution they came up with -India and Pakistan were created 1947 -massive violence ensued |
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Admiral Lord Mountbatten
|
-last viceroy of india before it was given it's freedom from the british empire and became partioned into India and Pakistan in 1947
-pushed for a speedy removal from india, rather than a slow and gradual one |
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Jewish Issue of Palestine
|
-british foreign office was concerned with following a longstanding pro-arab system for maintenance of good economic relations (they need oil)
-arabs and jews were at conflict over the new wave of jewish immigrants -the british pulled out and left the jews and arabs to fight it out themselves -jews won and created the state of is real -humiliating for british foreign policy |
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State of the Military under the Attlee Government
|
-partial retreat from empire allowed some decrease in military spending
-threat of russia meant that military was going to have to remain high -national service (2 years of service) for all men of 18 years of age -kept the armed forces at the required strength -government didn't want to give anyone the benefit of the doubt, or appease like the weak kneed men before them -Beven concluded that because of the soviet threat, the US must be pulled into a permenant commitment to the defence of western Europe, because britain couldn't do it alone. |
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NATO
|
-1949
-north atlantic treaty organization -western european countries, US and Canada -integrated defence system against the soviet threat -enhanced the "special relationship" with the states |
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Nuclear Bombs
|
-britain built its own atomic bomb to secure it's position as a superpower
-the US got mad and said they wouldn't collaborate with Britain anymore on nuclear military -to protect their special relationship, britain got sneaky and had a small cabinet run their nuclear military system under the disguise of nuclear power reactors |
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European Coal and Steel Community
|
-in 1950 britain refused to join
-represents how britain continued to want to remain aloof from most relations with the european mainland -still reluctant to give up its superpower status of independence |
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Key Points of the Attlee Government
|
-reduced but still widespread empire
-defence of the us against the soviets which included the nuclear bomb -special relationship with the US -Britain wanted to defend its sense of superiority over the disoriented continentals, so it didn’t make moves to become integrated into the European union -labor was less committed to maintaining british world domination as it was to improving conditions for britain itself |
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The Golden Age of Capitalism
|
-prolonged boom and unparallelled prosperity in the quarter century after 1950
-european average unemployment of 1/5% -expansion of the welfare states -people's incomes were raised year after year -all possible due to explosive and sustained growth in the world economy due to globalization and industrialization (more worldwide distribution of labor) -Eric Hopswan wrote "The Age of Extremes" about this time |
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Reformed Capitalism
|
-led to the golden age of capitalism
-hybrid between economic liberalism and social democracy -mixed economy: part public, part private -commitment to full employment and a welfare state -the more money people have the more money they have to spend on consumer goods, which led to the development of a greater mass consumer market -suited both the right and left political parties |
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Corporatism
|
-everyone working together in their common interests
-facilitated by the governments -making both the workers and the employers happy |
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The Affluent Society
|
-higher wages meant people had more disposable income than ever before
-could afford a higher standard of living -no great inflation due to rising wages -no great gap between the employed and consistently unemployed due to the welfare system -real social security came from letting people benefit from their own exertions (having jobs) not political provisions -consumer expenditure rose by almost 40% from 1950-1960 |
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Korean War and Labor
|
-labor from 1951 onwards was riddled with infighting, especially between Hugh Gaestle and Lloyd Bevel
-when korea was divided on the 38th parallel, the communist north invaded the south -the united nations granted permission to go in and defend the south -the US and britain went in to the war our of anti-soviet mentality -involvement in a new war would mean increased taxes -Gatesgel wanted to go into the war (was upper midle class) -Bevel opposed the war and its taxes (was from the working class) |
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Butscalism
|
-describing the continuity between labor and conservative rulers of parliment (Churchill and Attlee)
-both committed to minor shifts in public spending, taxation, and interest rates to keep the economy growing as smoothly as possible -high voter turnouts and campaigning suggested that the voters thought there was a bigger difference between the two parties than their policies suggest -contentment about the state of the nation and its position in the world |
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"New Elizabethan Age"
|
-britain still maintaining a glorious place in the world
-massive degree of popular loyalty to the monarchy -despite the loss of the empire, britain was still great -the monarchy as a symbol of salience |
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Anthony Eaton
|
-became Prime Minister in 1955
-conservative -his downfall was his disastrous handling of foreign affairs in 1956 (suez crisis) |
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Suez Crisis
|
-british troops withdrew from egypt after 80 years of occupation
-still planned on keeping egypt under the british sphere of influence -new leader, Nassa, wanted to get rid of all british influence, and started making deals with the czechoslovakians and the soviets (britain's enemies) -americans and the world bank cut funding to build a massive dam on the nile in egypt -nassau nationalized the suez canal to pay for the dam -britain and isreal secretly invaded suez with no US sanction (didn't want to appease another hitler) -US was furious about the british action without consultation -britain calls a seise fire after one day -most embarrassing event in britain in the 20th century |
|
Gamal Abdel Nasser
|
-egyptian leader during the suez crisis
-seen as a new hitler back in britain -not sure whether his actions to nationalize the canal were actually a leader -becomes an icon of imperial resistance for beating the british invasion |
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"Law not War"
|
-labor and liberals joined together in reaction to the british invasion of the suez canal
-went on TV and told the PM to resign -anti-government campaign -outspoken public protest |
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World reaction to Suez
|
-US president isenhower demanded british withdrawl
-britain denounced as an aggressor by the UN -most of the commonwealth failed to stand behind britain -the US withdrew it's support from the pound -an immediate withdrawal was the only way to save the pound from collapse |
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Why Suez was an epic fail
|
-joint action with the french, not the US
-britain no longer to get away with the things it used to be able to as a great power -goes against the plan of maintaining neutrality with friendly arab powers -blow to british national pride and reputation -no more special relation with the US |
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USSR invasion of Hungary
|
-took place at the same time as the Suez crisis
-soviet union sent tanks into Hungary to crush an uprising there -the UN couldn't do anything except protest -they were the new world power, not britain |
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Harold MacMillan
|
-took over from Sir Anthony Eaton after the suez crisis
-conservative prime minister -expanded the welfare state -edwardian aristocratic nonchalance "unflappability" -general mood of complacency about Britain and its place in the world -old and stuffy contrasted to JFK |
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The Profumo Affair
|
-summer 1963
-scandal about Profumo having an affair with a call girl, which was made worse by the fact that he denied it in parliament -labor party was concentrating on the security issue -press was concentrating on the moral issue -damaged the image of "the establishment" -PM Charles MacMillan didn't handle the scandal well and was damaged -indication of the end of conservative rule |
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"One Nation Toryism"
|
-moderate form of conservatism
-concerned with social welfare -trying to make everyone have it good -idea under the rule of MacMillan |
|
"What's Wrong with Britain?"
|
-Britain's growth rate lagged behind that of other industrial countries
-balance of payment was unstable (imports more than it exports) -unsure whether they can maintain this level of public spending -from 1960's onwards, a shift in the general mood to a perception of britains greater weakness and internal decay |
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The Stagnant Society
|
-book in 1963
-adressed the mood of disheartens in britain -britains economic performance, blaming ignorant industrial management (selecting from the old boys club) and backwards looking employer/worker relations |
|
Defence White Paper
|
-conservative government wanted to shift defence from manpower to firepower (nuclear)
-phase out the national service (2 years draft) and rely on nuclear weapons |
|
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
|
-middle class radical pacifists
-heavily supported by well educated, religious, scholastic and influential individuals (regardless of political standing) -first march took place to the aldermaston military research center -committed to the idea that britain should renounce the use of nuclear weapons as an example for other countries to follow |
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Decolonization
|
-much of it while MacMillan was PM
-rapid decolonization between 1960-1965 -by 1970, the only colonies britain had left were ones where they wanted to remain with britain -relinquished their colonies with less bitterness than other countries -complicated in areas of heavy white settlements |
|
3 Key Factors in Decolonization
|
-British domestic situation (financial weakness, spending priorities, declining will to run an empire)
-international rise of 2 superpowers (US and Soviets) -situations in each colony (nationalist independence movements) |
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"Winds of Change" Speech
|
-given by MacMillan to a hostile african crowd
-taked about the rise of nationalism in the colonies and about how its time for change -got a lot of traction back in britain |
|
European Economic Comity
|
-formed by the treaty of rome and britain wasn't included
-Charles DuGaul (french PM) stopped britain from joining -though their priority was the US, not europe -only allowed in when DuGaul resigned from power |
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The Brits as Romans
|
-great power that was no longer in its glory phase
-disguised the fact that britain was just a client state of the US -even britains independent nuclear deterrent wasnt really independent (british bombs attached to US missiles) |
|
US Thor and Polaris Missiles
|
-britains bombs were dependant on US missiles to carry them
-demonstrates the faux independence as a disguise for reliance on the US |
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"Swamping"
|
-opposition to immigrantas a overcrowding Britain
-focus on those with black and brown skins -wrong, because every year since 1870 more people have emigrated than immigrated to Britain |
|
British Nationality Act
|
-1948
-open door immigration policy to members of the commonwealth (during decolonization) -gave meaning to the commonwealth -need for immigrant labor |
|
Sir Oswald Mosely
|
-stood for parliment in the 1959 general election
-thought blacks were threatening the arian master race -came last in the election poll |
|
Commonwealth Immigrants Act
|
-voucher scheme to restrict the number of unskilled workers (targeting blacks and asians) into britain
-1962 -gave public notice that black and asian immigration was a racial problem -voucher scheme was tightened twice in 1965 and 1968 due to the high levels of immigration coming from women and children -british passport holders couldn't come into britain unless they could prove british ancestral connection |
|
Peter Griffith
|
-elected in 1964
-conservative MP -campaigned on the slogan "if you want a n**** for a neighbour, vote labor" -was elected as a member of parliament, but was generally hated by all other MP's and had no teeth |
|
J. Ench Powell
|
-"rivers of blood" speech
-speech in birmingham 1968 -talks about the evils of immigration and the need for repatriation -74% of the population supported what he said -gave a respectable face to racism and made it mainstream |
|
Scarmon Report
|
-blamed neglect of the inner cities and breakdown of trust between the people and the authorities for the urban riots of the 20th century
-the police were racist |
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Bombings of London
|
-july 7 2005
-4 bombs planted by british born, alienated muslims -killed 57 bombs -suggested that multiculturalism isnt working |
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Diedry Detofsky
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-wrote journals in the 1980-1990's
-uses the Dutch republic as an example of a small but mighty superpower -the fact that a number of countries have surpasses us in unimportant -complaining about non-issues in a world of real issues |
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British Decline in the Late 20th Century
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-slowing down of growth rates
-decline in relative terms to other countries -decline relative to what the economy should have been capable of -decline relative to aspirations -decline of certain industries or sectors of the economy |
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Argument Against British Decline
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-industrialized countries get their boom after the war
-more mature (less disrupted economies) tend towards a steadier, less dramatic growth rate -long term trend will be towards a convergence of leading economies |
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Barry Suppel
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-communication, technology and internationalization of knowledge should lead to less dramatic differences between advanced economies
-even playing field -argument against the idea of certain superpowers shooting ahead |
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Rediscovery of Poverty
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-1960
-poverty not calculated in relative, not absolute terms -previously just food, shelter and clothing (1930) -if people couldn't afford access to TV they were marginalized through their poverty (1960) -higher standards of living than ever before -because of the (socially determined) rising aspirations at home and abroad, increased spending failed to satisfy the heightened demand (leading to a feeling of dissatisfaction) |
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The Golden Age of Modern Planning
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-product of the 2nd world war
-convinced people of a need for planning of all types (military, social, economic, cities..) -urban planning was part of the welfare state -new towns, rebuilding and housing |
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New Towns Act
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-1946
-funded by the federal government -14 new towns started in the 1950's -replace the slums torn down |
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Garden City Movement
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-belief in the superiority of the countryside as a reaction to the horrors of industrialization
|
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Rebuilding After the War
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-rebuild the areas that had been bombed out during the blitz
-opportunity to look forward and build modern cities -no sense of heritage or preservation -new roads and existing ones widened -shopping malls -close down the railways |
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Housing in the Post-War Period
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-1956-1960 more than 4 million council houses were built
-built, owned, and rented by local governments -most was in the cottage style, but some in low rise buildings and some in tower blocks -make up for the houses removed by slum clearance |
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Modernist Movement in Housing
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-1960's
-lightness, air and space -beauty in simplicity and function -rejected small housing, preferred tower blocks -no national identity of any tower block -good in concept, but failed in execution -too concerned with low costs to care about standards of living |
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BBC Radio after the War
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-came out of the war with a great reputation for reliability and quality
-was divided into 3 parts: light, home service, and serious -later in 1970 it was divided into radios 1, 2, 3, and 4 |
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Sport and Outdoor Activities
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-gardening, DIY projects, walks in the countryside, visiting historic buildings etc
-more money meant more free time to do activities besides scrape up money for a living -holidays abroad became a thing -the televising of sports made them also grow in popularity |
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Youth Culture
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-didnt exist pre 1950
-affluent society meant that children had disposable income and extra time that they didnt have before (since they had to work to make a living) |
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1960's Youth Culture
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-Rolling Stones and Beatles
-anti-establishment images -youth culture embodied this rebellion through the use of drugs and alcohol -increased generation gap -police didnt know how to handle this new rebellious youth -no political repercussions (conformist) |
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British "Bobby" Police
|
-popular in public opinion in the early to mid 20th century
-represented an ideal moral behaviour -archetype of slow, clumsy, not especially bright, but also honest, fair, hardworking and reliable -after the war, people had internalized the idea of wanting peace and order, so the police didnt have to be the bad-cop (compared to elsewhere in britain where there was uprisings and militant police) |
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Centralization of Police
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-police constable was not a servant of the local government (controlled by higher gov.)
-second world war increased the shift to higher forms of centralized control |
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Emergency Powers Defence Act
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-1942
-allowed the local secretary to take control of local powers and combine them -pre-war so it seemed natural to band the police forces together in the event of attack -26 local police forces were lumped into 6 for easier control over the war, but this continued after the war |
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Police Act
|
-1964
-defined the authority of different positions relating to the police -tipped the scale in favour of high government control instead of local authority -police authorities (equip the police, appoint constables) -chief constable (given full control and direction of the forced including appointment, dismissal and promotion) -home secretary (controlled uniforms, power to amalgamate forces, approve the appointment of the constables) |
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IRA Terror Bombing Campaign
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-mid 1970's
-irish wanted to end UK rule of northern ireland -bombings in parts of london and birmingham led to heavy casualties and public outcry -police arrested "Birmingham 6" and "Maguire 7" but they turned out to be scapegoats, and the police had extorted confessions and fabricated evidence -police were discredited when the story broke |
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Inner City Riots of 1981 and 1985
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-police were stopping and searching anyone they thought was suspicious
-black communities didn't trust the police force because they thought they were racist and corrupt -the police responded heavy-handedly with tear gas and full riot gear -led to the scarmon report |
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Scarmon Report
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-came out after the inner city riots of 1981 and 1985
-exposed the metropolitan police as being racist and dishonest |
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3 Reasons for Police Decline
|
-rise in crime statistics (police looked bad and people didn't feel as safe)
-police being politicized (looked like they were serving the interests of the ruling party) -impression that the police avoided local authorities |
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Acceleration in Crime Rate in the 1960's
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-particularly among the young (rebellious, free time, spending money)
-increased hostility towards the authority (rebellious movements, anti-etablishment) -increased temptation due to an affluent society -increase in crime led to an increase in prisoners |
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Mrs. Mary Whitehouse
|
-devout christian who became a public figure for the preservation of traditional values
-wanted to "clean up TV" and make it less explicit -felt the heterosexual family was under threat -led the debate against "permissiveness" (tolerant society) |
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Sex in Marriage
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-originally thought of as a duty rather than a pleasure in the working classes
-middle classes and up looked on sex more fondly -introduction of birth control made sex more enjoyable and assessable |
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"Married Love"
|
-written by Marie Stokes
-best selling novel (speaks to the desire for an increased sexuality in britain) -sexual pleasure within marriage was not only legitimate, but essential -womens sexual pleasure was important as well |
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Contraception
|
-decreased the size of the family
-increased standard of living -condoms ("dreadnaughts") became more common during the war out of necessity due to STD's |
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Family Planning
|
-became part of the national health service in 1959
-previously only a small number of local councils would even talk about birth control -no medical school taught about birth control before the second world war |
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Matrimonial Clauses Act
|
-1937
-extended the grounds for divorce to include such things as desertion, insanity and cruelty |
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Military and Divorces
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-long periods overseas ended many marriages
-rise in divorce rate 1946-1947 -armed forces recognized this, and provided financial support for those in their ranks seeking divorce |
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End of the Golden Age of Capitalism
|
-1950-1973 was the golden age
-began two decades of crisis and instability -slower growth rates made it difficult for governments to meet rising expectations of wages/services -as globalization proceeded, national governments seemed increasingly unable to control their economics |
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Opek Oil Crisis
|
-1973
-organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEK) -the arab countries staged an attack on Israel and the US supplied Isreal with weapons -the arab countries (OPEK) in retaliation started an oil embargo on the US -increased oil prices by 400% -huge inflation, balance of payment crisis and energy shortages -government policies at a national policy were no longer enough to ensure stability for a nation, they were now dependant on and subject to the world climate |
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"Stagflation"
|
-combination of economic stagnation and rapid price increases at the same time
-when the golden age of capitalism ended, the people still expected the same standards of living -showed that the kensian technique (maintaining high wages, high social expenditure and full employment) was not working |
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Neo-Liberal Economics
|
-wanted a free market
-free trade, open markets, privatization -gained ground after the end of the golden age and the apparent failure of kensian economics |
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Economic Problems 1960-1979
|
-unemployment highest its been since 1930's
-9% inflation rise between 1971-1973 -a billion pounds of payment defecit -fluxuations in the world currency markets (not a domestic problem, an international one) |
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James Callaghan
|
-Prime Minister 1976-1979
-labor party -came into power at a time of huge economic problems: -inflation at 16% - unemployment up to 1.25 million -intrest rates up to 15% -record budget deficit due to tax cuts from the conservatives and increased government spending by both conservatives and labor (kensian) -called in the INF for a loan |
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INF Loan
|
-international notary fund
-1976 -asked for by Dennis Healy (chancellor of the exchequer) -meant substantial cuts on government expenditure -humiliating to ask for a loan from the same place as 3rd world countries -turn away from kensianism |
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North Sea Oil
|
-appeared in 1975
-made britain self-sustainable in oil -not as vulnerable to international fluctuations -economic conditions picked up in every area except unemployment |
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"Who Governs Britain?" Election
|
-called by conservative PM Ted Heath
-1974 -coal miners went on strike again in 1974 calling for another pay raise and less hours -question of who governs britain, the coal miners of the electorate -the coal miners won (labor into power) |
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Winter of Discontent
|
-1978-1979
-strikes started in the automobile industry then spread -high profile strikes from the national health service, truck drivers, janitors, grave diggers and garbage men -most disputes were settled by 1979 -government didn't recover from that sense of chaos |
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British Military Policy 1960 Onward
|
-decolonization almost complete by 1960
-didn't send troops to vietnam (didn't want to play a role in other people's backyards anymore) |
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European Economic Community (EEC)
|
-tried twice in 1960 to join the EEC
-was blocked by french PM Charles DuGaul because he thought britains interests were with the US not europe -finally accepted in 1973 -english nationalists, and the hard right (powell) were against joining the EEC -referendum on whether or not they should stay apart of the EEC with all this negative opinion passed and they stayed in the EEC |
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Northern Ireland Conflict
|
-post war economic expansion and universities meant there was a bigger catholic middle class and university educated students really to challenge the protestant persecution against them
-spiraled into violence between the protestant extremists and the police against the civil rights workers -due to pressure from britain, the southern irish government had to make lots of concessions to the northern catholic irish (which ****** them off) |
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Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA)
|
-protested for civil rights
-non-violent but confrontational -newly educated and empowered by the post war boom -northern ireland government, prompted by wilson's government (permissive) had been moving in a reformist direction -met with stark opposition by the Protestants so it spiralled into violence |
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Reverend Ian Paisely
|
-Irish Protestant Evangelist
-determined to fight any concessions to the catholics -led the resistance to the NICRA |
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Irish Republican Army (IRA)
|
-revived when the british army came into to break up the fighting between the protestants and catholics in ireland 1969
-IRA was angry at britain for trying to force the protestants to make concessions to the catholics -targeted british troops -killings and bombings (irish car bomb) created a state of panic |
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Unionist Government Response to IRA
|
-internment of those suspected of IRA involvement
-holding without trial -treated awfully in prison -only held IRA members, not protestant para-military members which bred tremendous anger on behalf of the protestants towards the britis |
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Devolution
|
-loss of an identity of britishness within Britain itself
-why claim to those idea in the colonies? -scotland and wales moved for home rule (rise of their nationalist parties) -Wilson government proposed devaluation (regional elected assemblies were given much of the control that had previously been held by Britain) -but in a referendum, the act was not popular and therefore was not accepted |
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3 Big Political Changes of the 20th Century
|
-liberal landslide
-labor landslide -thatcherism -in all 2 occasions the incoming governments took advantage of a motivation for change and made the following governments follow in their footsteps |
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3 Main Objectives of the Thatcher Government
|
-reverse britains relative decline
-overturn the failure of social democracy by promoting the free market, controlling public expenditure and taxation and encouraging self reliance -restore the authority of the state by showing strong leadership but giving up on "inappropriate" government involvement like trying to get full employment and controlling prices |
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Thatcher and the Minors Strike
|
-1984-1985
-government closed down un-economic coal pits -coal minors went on strike in protest of their livelihoods being taken away with the closing of coal plants -coal reserves were high, so the Thatcher government could just wait the protestors out -violence between picketers and police (Thatcher won) -thatcher never spoke a word to the miners or acknowledged their contribution to britain (miners as the enemy) |
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Thatcher's Foreign Policy
|
-practical in spite of all her big talk about nationalism
-negotiated international problems without taking any hard stances -was willing to do business with the soviets (especially gorbachev) -signed the single Europe Act which was a major step towards a unified Europe |
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Falklands War
|
-britain went to war to get back its civilians when they were invaded by the argentinians
-no messing with britain -psychological effect of boosting morale for their victory -made Thatcher into a "warrior queen" |