123X Psy

Front 1

A concern for __ produces normative influence, while a concern for __ produces informational influence

Back 1

social image; being correct. B. being correct; social image C. being correct; gaining status D. social roles; authority figures

Front 2

A fad such as tattoos are an example of

Back 2

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance.

Front 3

A lone black female lawyer in a group of black and white male lawyers will be most conscious of being

Back 3

black. B. female. C. a lawyer. D. in a group.

Front 4

A social role is

Back 4

a cluster of norms. B. separate from culture. C. a weak influence on conformity. D. a role that feels awkward.

Front 5

A study conducted by Snyder and Fromkin (1980) revealed that people feel better when they see themselves as

Back 5

very unique. B. moderately unique. C. not at all unique. D. collectivistic.

Front 6

A year after his original study, Sherif's participants were retested alone and gave answers that supported the original group's norm. This suggests that the process involved was really

Back 6

reactance. B. compliance. C. obedience. D. acceptance.

Front 7

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when it loses its

Back 7

agenda. B. anonymity. C. unanimity. D. heterogeneity.

Front 8

According to Myers, an unchallenged assumption in individualistic Western nations is that __ is good and __ is bad

Back 8

uniqueness; similarity B. similarity; uniqueness C. individualism; conformity D. conformity; individualism

Front 9

According to the text, Asch's experiments lacked __ but did possess __

Back 9

experimental realism; mundane realism B. mundane realism; experimental realism C. validity; reliability D. reliability; validity

Front 10

According to the text, personality predicts behavior when social influences are

Back 10

obvious. B. covert. C. strong. D. weak.

Front 11

Acting in accord with a direct order is called

Back 11

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 12

After hearing a great deal about the benefits of soy products from your friends, you decide to drink soy milk instead of cow's milk. Your behavior is an example of

Back 12

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 13

After hearing so much about the dangers of smoking cigarettes from the media and seeing numbers of people quit the habit, Jacob finally realizes that smoking is dangerous and therefore he quits. His behavior is an example of

Back 13

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 14

After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the

Back 14

we-they polarity between the political parties. B. fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence. C. fact that the high status of the office elicits a need for uniqueness. D. fact that higher-status people are more susceptible to psychological reactance.

Front 15

Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of

Back 15

reaction formation. B. regression. C. psychological reactance. D. self-serving bias.

Front 16

Although he made a promise to himself to not take illegal drugs, Tom gave into peer pressure at a party to smoke marijuana because he did not want to be rejected by the others. Tom's conformity is a result of

Back 16

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 17

Although you did not like it when you first saw it alone, you go to the same movie with a friend for a second time. After she raves about it, you decide that it wasn't so bad after all. Your interpreting events differently after hearing your friend's opinion is called

Back 17

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance.

Front 18

Bearman and Brueckner (2001) found that teens who made a public virginity-until-marriage pledge became somewhat more likely to remain sexually abstinent than similar teens who do not make the pledge. This is an example of how

Back 18

status produces psychological reactance. B. a we-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials. C. the teen seeks to maintain emotional distance from would-be sexual partners. D. public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

Front 19

Bystanders will inhibit helping most under which of the following conditions

Back 19

the emergency is ambiguous b. the other bystanders are strangers c. the bystanders cannot readily read one another's reactions

Front 20

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that participants in an experiment who worked alongside another person who occasionally rubbed her face were unwittingly more likely to rub their face. They called this

Back 20

the chameleon effect. B. mood linkage. C. compliance. D. automatic processing.

Front 21

Compared to Euro-American cultures, Asian cultures are more likely to teach their children

Back 21

independence. B. collectivism. C. to follow their own conscience. D. to respect another's privacy.

Front 22

Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain their acceptance, is called

Back 22

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 23

Conformity is greater when people feel incompetent. This pattern reflects

Back 23

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 24

Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects

Back 24

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 25

Conformity that involves both acting and believing in accord with social pressure is called

Back 25

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 26

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request, while privately disagreeing is called

Back 26

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 27

Conformity that occurs when people accept evidence about reality that is provided by other people is called

Back 27

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 28

Consistent with what is known about depersonalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more __ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus

Back 28

apathy B. resentment C. commitment D. hostility

Front 29

Cultural attitudes are embodied and reinforced in

Back 29

schools. b. government. c. media.

Front 30

Doing as others do is what social psychologists call

Back 30

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance.

Front 31

During the 1970s, the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority. The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners, then to observe torture, and then to eventually practice torture. This process demonstrates how __ can breed __

Back 31

obedience; conformity B. conformity; obedience C. compliance; acceptance D. acceptance; compliance

Front 32

Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the impact of __ on conformity

Back 32

unanimity B. status C. cohesiveness D. co-morbidity

Front 33

High school students Aisha and Jared have been dating each other casually. When Aisha parents tell her to stop seeing Jared and ask her to go out with "nicer boys," Aisha announces that she and Jared are actually "in love" and have decided to go steady. Aisha's behavior most likely illustrates the effects of

Back 33

the false uniqueness effect. B. the fundamental attribution error. C. the self-serving bias. D. psychological reactance.

Front 34

How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif

Back 34

Asch's participants faced a more ambiguous task. B. Sherif's participants were dealing with facts rather than opinions. C. Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment. D. Sherif's participants were in the physical presence of the pressuring group while Asch's participants were not.

Front 35

If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is a form of

Back 35

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 36

In a study by Hofling and his colleagues (1966), 22 hospital nurses were telephoned by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious drug overdose. Results showed that

Back 36

most would not act on the order unless the caller named a familiar physician as a reference. B. most nurses refused to comply unless given the order in writing. C. less experienced nurses complied but more experienced ones challenged the order. D. all but one proceeded to comply without delay.

Front 37

In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students __ when they participated in a conformity experiment

Back 37

were judged most attractive by their fellow participants B. were more willing to obey the experimenter's request to make a public commitment to a popular cause C. took on additional attitudes as well as the mannerisms of the majority D. asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

Front 38

In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions, __ % obeyed

Back 38

100 B. 70 C. 30 D. 15

Front 39

In a variation of the Milgram study, the learner was in the same room as the teacher. Under these conditions, __ % obeyed to 450 volts

Back 39

100 B. 80 C. 40 D. 20

Front 40

In calling sports decisions, umpires and referees rarely change their decisions as a result of a player's objection. This may be an example of how

Back 40

status produces psychological reactance. B. a we-they feeling has evolved between professional sports players and officials. C. the umpire or referee seeks to maintain emotional distance from players. D. public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

Front 41

In experiments, people have been found to conform more when they must __ than when they must __

Back 41

respond publicly; write down their responses in private B. commit themselves in writing; announce their responses in public C. think before acting; react spontaneously D. explain their responses; keep silent

Front 42

In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition

Back 42

the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands. B. teachers were more reluctant to deliver initial shocks. C. learners became more real and personal to the teacher. D. fewer participants went to 450 volts.

Front 43

In his classic study of __ , Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room

Back 43

obedience B. group cohesiveness C. norm formation D. psychological reactance

Front 44

In light of the Milgram studies, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determined obedience

Back 44

the victim's emotional distance B. the victim's physical distance C. the authority's closeness and legitimacy D. whether or not the authority was institutionalized

Front 45

In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience

Back 45

dropped to zero. B. dropped to 21 percent. C. dropped to 50 percent. D. increased to 73 percent.

Front 46

In the spring of 1954, Seattle residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious windshield-pitting agent. According to the text, the true cause of public concern was most likely

Back 46

fallout from recent Pacific testing of the H-bomb. B. mass suggestibility. C. psychological reactance. D. the autokinetic phenomenon.

Front 47

In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries

Back 47

obedience. B. acceptance. C. conformity. D. compliance.

Front 48

Interpreting events differently after hearing from others is what social psychologists call

Back 48

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance..

Front 49

Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you may prompt you to do the opposite of that person's wishes. This response is predicted by

Back 49

the reactance theory. B. the theory of normative social influence. C. Milgram's theory of obedience. D. the social norms theory.

Front 50

Normative influence leads to compliance, especially for those

Back 50

in ambiguous situations. B. who are comfortable in their roles. C. who are seeking to climb a status ladder. D. who are in positions of authority.

Front 51

People in groups will loaf less when

Back 51

the task is challenging. b. the task is important and involving. c. the group is cohesive

Front 52

Research by Craig Anderson shows that violent video games

Back 52

increase arousal b. increase aggressive thinking c. decrease prosocial behavior

Front 53

Research in both the United States and Canada revealed that the percentage of those who reported having been drunk in the last year was __ for those over the legal drinking age than for those under the legal drinking age

Back 53

slightly higher B. lower C. the same D. significantly higher

Front 54

Research in both the United States and Canada revealed that the percentage of those who reported having been drunk in the last year was lower for those over the legal drinking age than for those under the legal drinking age. This exemplifies which of the following concepts

Back 54

reaction formation B. regression C. psychological reactance D. the self-serving bias

Front 55

Research indicates that it is only through socialization that children

Back 55

exhibit empathy. b. take pleasure in being helpful

Front 56

Research on alcohol and aggression has indicated that

Back 56

over half of rapists surveyed report they had been drinking before committing their offense. b. people who have been drinking commit more than half of all homicides. c. in experiments, intoxicated people administer stronger shocks.

Front 57

Research on group size and conformity has shown that

Back 57

as group size increases, conformity decreases. B. as group size increases, conformity increases. C. group size influences conformity in teenagers but not in adults. D. the conformity of females is more significantly influenced by group size than is the conformity of males.

Front 58

Researchers have explored several areas in search of the factors affecting conformity. Which of the following is one of those areas

Back 58

religion B. personality C. sexual orientation D. race

Front 59

Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups

Back 59

closely resemble each other. B. share a common goal. C. are very different. D. are of different ethnic groups.

Front 60

Several restaurant managers complied with orders from a telephone caller, posing as a police officer, to strip search a customer or employee. This is an example of the power of __ on compliance

Back 60

group influence B. personality factors C. the closeness of the authority D. the legitimacy of authority

Front 61

Sherif is to the study of __ as Asch is to the study of __

Back 61

conformity; compliance B. compliance; conformity C. norm formation; obedience D. norm formation; conformity

Front 62

Studies involving __ most clearly demonstrate how social influence can take the form of acceptance

Back 62

the judgments of the length of lines B. the judgments of the autokinetic phenomenon C. the shocking of innocent victims D. personality factors

Front 63

The contrast effect applies to our perceptions of

Back 63

others. b. ourselves.

Front 64

The copycat suicide phenomenon is most likely to occur

Back 64

in older adults. B. two to three months later. C. in places where the suicide story is publicized. D. during the winter.

Front 65

The degree to which personality predicts our behavior is __ related to the degree to which social influences predict our behavior

Back 65

positively B. negatively C. somewhat D. not at all

Front 66

The experimenter in Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue

Back 66

"It is absolutely essential that you continue." B. "You will be penalized if you refuse to go on." C. "You have no other choice, you must go on." D. "The experiment requires that you continue."

Front 67

The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction for one another, is called

Back 67

conformity. B. cohesion. C. compliance. D. unanimity.

Front 68

The high rate of underage drinking may be related to

Back 68

social roles. B. psychological reactance. C. a drive for uniqueness. D. informational influences.

Front 69

The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as

Back 69

rebellion. B. disobedience. C. resistance. D. reactance.

Front 70

The names we choose for our children often express our

Back 70

social roles. B. desire for uniqueness. C. self concept. D. reaction formation.

Front 71

The psychological reactance theory may help explain why

Back 71

drinking on campus is heavier for underage drinkers than for legal-age drinkers. B. a toddler, ignoring a toy, protests and demands the toy back when a playmate begins to play with it. C. the demand for and value placed on an object is greater when the object is perceived to be rare or hard to get. D. All of the choices are correct.

Front 72

The relationship between the degree to which a group is cohesive and the degree to which the group has power over its members is a __ one

Back 72

positive B. negative C. neutral D. curvilinear

Front 73

The results of both the Sherif and Asch studies are startling because their studies did not employ any

Back 73

judgments about ambiguous stimuli. B. groups larger than four persons. C. experimental realism. D. open, obvious pressure to conform.

Front 74

The spread of bodily complaints within a school or workplace with no organic basis for the symptoms is called

Back 74

mass influence. B. social influence. C. mass delusion. D. mass hysteria.

Front 75

When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought __ would __

Back 75

they themselves; never begin to administer the shocks B. they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts C. other people; disobey by about 210 volts D. other people; would go all the way to 450 volts

Front 76

When Milgram's experimental series was reenacted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, far from the prestige and authority of Yale University, the proportion of participants who fully complied with orders to shock the learner __ compared to the Yale rate

Back 76

remained unchanged B. decreased C. increased slightly D. increased significantly

Front 77

When Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was experiencing

Back 77

normative social influence. B. reentry distress. C. psychological reactance. D. anti-conformity.

Front 78

When the influence of the situation is __ , the consequent behavior is more likely to be a result of __

Back 78

weak; individual personalities B. weak; external circumstances C. strong; internal forces D. strong; dispositions

Front 79

When we go along with the crowd and act counter to our own beliefs and values, we are conforming because of

Back 79

compliance. B. acceptance. C. normative influence. D. informational influence.

Front 80

When William McGuire and his Yale University colleagues invited children to "tell us about yourself," they found that the children were most likely to mention their

Back 80

gender. B. nationality. C. distinctive attributes. D. most common personal characteristics.

Front 81

Which of the following is NOT an example of informational influence

Back 81

when participants feel incompetent B. when the task is difficult C. when subjects are bilingual D. when people care about being right

Front 82

Which of the following statements about cross-cultural research on conformity is true

Back 82

Findings using the Asch procedure have found similar conformity rates in most countries, except among the Bantu of Zimbabwe, a tribe with strong sanctions against nonconformity. B. When Milgram compared the conformity of French and Norwegian students, the French consistently conformed more. C. Recent conformity studies in Britain, Canada, and the United States have indicated much more conformity than was observed two or three decades ago. D. Conformity rates vary widely among European countries.

Front 83

Which of the following statements is TRUE of conformity and obedience

Back 83

They are primarily collectivistic phenomena. B. They are primarily individualistic phenomena. C. They are universal phenomena that vary by culture. D. They are universal phenomena that are uninfluenced by culture.

Front 84

While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99% of the time in Asch's conformity study, his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others __ % of the time

Back 84

12 B. 37 C. 65 D. 87

Front 85

Williams and colleagues (2001) have found that when our need to belong is thwarted by ostracism, we respond with all of the following EXCEPT

Back 85

depressed mood. b. anxiety. c. hurt feelings.

Front 86

You decide to pierce your tongue after all your friends have. This is an example of

Back 86

norm formation. B. conformity. C. obedience. D. reactance.

Front 87

test

Back 87

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