102 Test 5 The Heart

Front 1

bring stethoscopes to class next week. The elecricla nodes in the heart. Know A/V nodes and S/A nodes well. what does the size of the heart have to do w/ age?

Back 1

age has to do w/ size
physical conditioning, bigger it is and then slower it is
a large heart can indicate heart disease. SO heart can be large from exercise AND disease

Front 2

where does our heart sit? landmarks are: behind angle of louie?

Back 2

on top of the diaphram,
angle of louie, down a few ribs.

Front 3

what shape is the heart. a triangle. upside down triangle. it is 2 pumps together. so failure is going to be

Back 3

right sided failure or left
sided failure so 2 things here
ave. adult has 5 liters per minute pumped.

Front 4

describe systole and idastole

Back 4

systole = contraction
diastole = relax or at rest
so in systole it is sending blood. mitrail & tricusp are closing and otherer open

Front 5

what makes valves open and close?

Back 5

due to pressure, and blood flows only in one direction.

Front 6

depolarization must happen in order for heart to

Back 6

contract

Front 7

ions moving across cell membrane cause

Back 7

depolarization

Front 8

selective permeability to ions creates an electrical imbalance: what?

Back 8

action potential

Front 9

cardiac cell at rest has

Back 9

internal (-) charge

Front 10

charge outside cell is

Back 10

(+)

Front 11

release of single impulse does

Back 11

begins polarization

Front 12

cell wall permeability

Back 12

changes

Front 13

ions move across membranes and the _______ changes

Back 13

polarity

Front 14

Na+ fastest
K+ faster
Ca++ slow
what else?

Back 14

Ca++
Na++

Front 15

if we get a hi potassium or a low potassium we are worried about

Back 15

heart function
there is a potential of dyrrhymia

Front 16

Conduction system:
orderly conduction is important
inherent rhythmic action (rate)
(depends on location of pacemaker)
normally sequential
what is the normal pacemaker?

Back 16

the S/A node is the normal pacemaker and wants to be 60-100 a minute. as the pacemaked moves down the heart the beat will decrease!

Front 17

our conduction system is sequential. so normal sequence is:

-SA then -AV
Bundle of HIS
R and L bundles
Purkinje Fibers

Back 17

this is the normal conduction route or sequence

Front 18

stroke volume:
amt of blood ejected per beat
normal=70mL/minute
CO=SV X HR
how much blood in av. adult?

Back 18

look it up

Front 19

when we palpate a pulse, what are we really asessing?

Back 19

its actually a wave of blood. in the foot you can feel a wave of blood.

Front 20

control of stoke vol.
contractility: force of contraction
preload: degree of stretch
afterload: ?

Back 20

systemic resistance

Front 21

Preload is degree of stretch. what is this?

Back 21

how much the ventricle can take in, a good thing. its filling, and degree of stretch affects contactbility. the more the heart stretches too much it will act like a stretched out baloon and not work either.

Front 22

starling heart : the more the heart stretches, the more ...

Back 22

it gets to something . look it up

Front 23

what is afterload?

Back 23

its the systemic resistence
all the pressure out there in the system

Front 24

the more resistence, the heart has to work harder. what processes would cause this/

Back 24

hypertension
arterioscleosis
anyting that narrows the vessels

Front 25

what does stonosis mean

Back 25

narrowing. so a vessel that is stonisis is hard to pump thru. this has to do w/ preload and afterload

Front 26

Starlings law is

Back 26

amount of load does somehting, look it up

Front 27

what is Atrial kick?

Back 27

(it accounts for 25-30% of CO)
its that help the atrical gives to help to fill the ventricles for really good ventrical output (I think)

Front 28

what other conditions help Atrial Kick?

Back 28

I don't know ?????????????????

Front 29

a pacemaker can help with Atrial Kick.
Now: Heart Rate and factors that influence it:
metabolic activity
amt of o2 avaliable
pH of body fluids
body temp
endocrine: thyroid & adrenals
no answer but more notes

Back 29

pH=the acid the higher heart rate
endocrine hyperthyroid has higher heart rate. the adrneal will make heart rate go up

Front 30

EKG or Electrocardiogram
quick, easy, non-evasive
shows electrical activity
shows rate
also detects?

Back 30

Ischemia (lack of o2)
old and new infactions
dysrhymias

Front 31

Echocardiogram is"
non-evasive ultrasound
Detects?

Back 31

size: enlargment
shape
motion: valves, contraction
walls: if thickened
ejection

Front 32

Homosysteine is?

Back 32

serum test
byproduct of breakdown of AA
normally changed to sulfate: out in urine
casues vessel inflammation

Front 33

C-Reative Protein
produced by the liver
marker for inflammation
appears/disappears quickly
what else?

Back 33

linked to acute coronary syndrome
is normally up w/ autiommune disease

Front 34

Triglycerides:
part of the lipid profile
form of fat in bloodstream
transported by VLDL (and LDL
can help ID risk of coronary and vascular disease

Back 34

male 40 - 160 mg/gl
female 35-135 mg/dl

Front 35

: released when ventricular disatolic pressure rises. elevated in:

Back 35

ventricular hypertophy
severe HTN, CHF

Front 36

what the diff b/t hyperplasia and hyerthrophy:?

Back 36

look it up

Front 37

Ejection Fraction:

% of end-diastolic vol. ejected/stroke
normally 55% to 75% of end-diastolic vol. is ejected by normal heart
what else?

Back 37

used to measure cintractility
severe if less than 40% their ejection is really poor

Front 38

Troponin T:
elevates in 3 to 5 hrs
remains elevated up to 14 days
affected by sleletal muscle
what else?

Back 38

affected by renal disease

Front 39

Body mass index:
Weight Status

Back 39

below 18.5 underweight
-18.5 to 24.9 normal
-25 to 29.0 overweight
-30.0 & above obese

Front 40

BMI = weight/height in in X 703

EX: 220lbs and is 6'3'' = BMI

Back 40

of 27.5 and this is overweight

Front 41

EKG = picyture of heart on a graph, on paper or oscilloscope
kinds:

Back 41

standard 12 lead
telemetry
holter monitor

Front 42

what is telemetry?

Back 42

a portable signaling thing to a heart monitor thing

Front 43

whats a holter monitor?

Back 43

24 - 48 hours tracks the heart

Front 44

standard 12 lead EKG
place multiple electrodes on body what will these do?

Back 44

read electrical activity of heart from different angles

Front 45

what does the telemetry do?

Back 45

3 leads are placed on chest
pt can ambulate w/ leads in place
shows electrical activity fron one angle
displayed on O scope

Front 46

A 12 lead EKG looks at the left ventricle from diff. views.
What can you see w/ a EKG?

Back 46

rate
rhythm
Dysrhythmias
past or current ischemic damage
electolyte imbalance
it is all electrical antivity only
does not show actual heart motion

Front 47

brushing their teeth and get an interference? what is that called?

Back 47

an artifate

Front 48

cardiac monitor paper.
marked w/ squares
large squares and small squares
each large square contains 5 small squares
each smal square is = 0.04 sec
what else?

Back 48

each large sq. is = 0.20 sec
small lines at the top of the paper mark the seconds

Front 49

Determining heart rate:
1) use this method if the rhythm is regular
count # of large boxes b/t 2 R waves. Divide this # into 300. what next

Back 49

!2) use this method if th rhythm is irregular.
count # of R waves in 6 seconds and time slsala;fjasf

Front 50

an EKG tracing is a group of waves that record the elcteical signal
we id the peices w/ letters:

Back 50

P Q R S T U
theese correscpond to variouspartos of the heart
all together = a complex or waveform
usually occur in alphi order bUT not always
some may be absent
some may appear more than once in the same oomplex

Front 51

The P
the ORS
The T
so what?

Back 51

the P wave = the artrium p wave
the big QRS complex wave = the ventricle wave
the T wave (biiger than p wave) its the resting of the ventricule its repolarizing.