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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Length of IPv4 in bits |
32 bits |
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Subnet mask
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a second 32 bit value of 1 and zeros used to determine's which bits in an IP address refer to the host and which refer to the network
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Class A Network: First octet
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0 - 127
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Class B Network: First octet
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128 - 191
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Class C Network: First octet
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192 - 223
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Class A Network: Number of networks number of hosts per network
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Networks: 125Hosts: > 16 million
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Class B Network: Number of networks number of hosts per network
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Networks: > 16000Hosts: > 65000
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Class C Network: Number of networks number of hosts per network
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Networks: > 2 millionHosts: 254
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CIDR
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Classless inter-domain routing.Allows for subnet mask that are of any acceptable value dividing the host and network portions of the IP at any number
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ICANN
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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
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RIR
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Regional Internet Registries -- Assigned blocks of IPs by region.
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Class A private netowork block
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10.0.0.0/8
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Class B Private network blcok
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172.16.0.0/12
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Class C Private network block
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192.168.0.0/16
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NAT
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Network Address TranslationNAT routers modifies IP packets to change IP address of sender to its own public address with an identifying port
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Proxy server versus NAT
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Proxy servers function at the application layer forwarding traffic to specific destinations.NAT functions at the network layer
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Functions of a proxy server not necessarily provided by a NAT router
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FilteringLoggingCachingScanning
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Superneting
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Combing contiguous networks that all contain a common CIDR prefix into one network address with one CIDR prefix for replacing multiple entries in the routing table with just one.
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3 ways to assign an IPv4 address
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DHCPAPIPAManual config
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APIPA IP block
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169.254.0.0/16
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How does a PC performing APIPA assignment know its selected IP is not in use by anyone but it?
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Does an ARP request
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Length of IPv6
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128 bits
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Number of IPv6 addresses available per square meter of the earth (for fun)
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54 million
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Notation of IPv6
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Colon-hexadecimal format - eight 16-bit hex numbers separated by colons.XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XXEach X = 8 bits (1 byte) represented by two hex characters
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When can you replace a IPv6 block with ::
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When there are two consecutive blocks with all zeros you can replace those blocks with ::You can only do this once per IP though
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When can you remove zeros in an IPv6 address?
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When a block has leading zeros you can remove them.
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What do IPv4 addresses have that IPv6 addresses do not?
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Subnet masks.
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In IPv6 network se use what to identify the bits of an IPv6 address that are the network address.
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We still use CIDR notation.
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Unlike IPv4 there are no _____ addresses in IPv6
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Broadcast addresses
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Three address types in IPv6
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UnicastMulticastAnycast
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Unicast address
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one-to-one transmission to / between individual interfaces.
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Name three types of unicast addresses
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GlobalLink-LocalUnique Local
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Format Prefix
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A sequence of bits that IDs the type of unicast. Each unicast address has an FP.
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Multicast
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One-to-many transmissions to groups of interfaces identified by the multicast address
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Anycast
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Transmission sent from one device to one-of-many -- whichever device is closest as determined by the number of intermediate routers.
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Global unicast address
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The equivalent of a registered (public) IPv4 address. Routable on the Internet
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FP of a global unicast address
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1
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TLA
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Top Level Aggregator. 13-bit globally unique ID allocated to regional internet registries by the IANA
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NLA
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Next Level Aggregator. 24-bit field that a TLA uses to create multilevel hierarchy for allocating address blocks to its customers
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SLA
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Site Level Aggregator. 16-bit field that organizations use to create internal hierarchy of sites or subnets
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EUI-64
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64-bit field derived from the network interface's MAC addresses ID-ing a specific interface on the network.
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Fields that make up a global unicast address (pre-2003)
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FP prefix (3 bits)TLA (13 bits)Unused Reserved (8bits)NLA (24 bits)SLA (24 bits)EUI-64 (64 bits0
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Fields that make up a global unicast address (2003+)
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Global routing prefix (48 bit starting with the FP)Subnet ID (16 bit. Formerly known as SLA)Interface ID (64 bit)
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3 options to subnet an IPv6 address at the subnet ID level
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One-level (no subnetting. subnet IDs are all 0)Two-level (same as traditional IPv4 subnets)Multi-level (As cool as it sounds)
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For privacy reasons sometimes the interface ID is not the MAC address but ___
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A random address. Windows does not use the MAC address by default to address privacy concerns
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Link-local unicast address
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Like An APIPA address for IPv4.
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Network portion of all link local addresses
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fe80:0000:0000:0000/64
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Unique local unicast address
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The IPv6 equivalent to IPv4 private addresses not routable on the Internet. (Class A B C private addresses)
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Fields that make up a unique local address
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Global routing prefix that starts with an FP of fd00. The rest are random. (48 bits)Subnet ID (16 bits)Interface ID (64 bits)
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The binary and hex value of the FP for a multicast address
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11111111ff
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Multicast address format
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FP (8 bits) -- IDs the address as a multicastFlags (4bits) - Specifies properties of a multicast addressScope (4 bit) - How widely routers can forward the addressGroup ID (122 bits) Unique ID of the multicast group
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What are the scope options of a multicast address?
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Interface LocalLink LocalSite LocalOrganization LocalGlobal
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What is the function of an anycast address
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Identify routers within a given address scope and send traffic to the nearest router as determined by local routing protocols
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Version of DHCP for IPv6
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DHCPv6
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3 ways to assign an IPv6 address
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Manual AllocationSelf-Allocation (Like APIPA)Dynamic Allocation (DHCPv6)
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Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
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Process started on Windows boot that assigns each interface a link-local unicast address
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Tunneling
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Process by which a system encapsulates an IPv6 datagram within an IPv4 packet. Allows for running IPv6 in IPv4 environments
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6to4 |
Allows for formating IPv4 addresses in IPv6 addresses
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ISATAP |
Intra-site automatic tunnel addressing protocol - automatic tunneling protocol used by Windows workstations. Emulates IPv6 link using an IPv4 network |