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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is osteoporosis?
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The amount of bone is reduced, but "the ratio of mineral to organic elements is unchanged in the remaining morphologically normal bone"
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Women who consumed 1+ servings of dairy per day had a 44% greater risk for this type of cancer.
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ovarian cancer
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People with hyperthyroidism are at a higher risk for osteoporosis. T or F
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True
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Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-1) is the primary protein in what?
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HDL
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According to the Harvard Nurses Study, moderate driniking increases your risk for what?
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fractures
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Artherosclerotic placque, thrombus formation, and hyperviscosity are promoted by what?
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fibrinogen
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Dairy products are made of mostly ______and human milk is mostly ________.
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casein, whey
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Men who drink 24 oz of coffee a day have a doubled risk for____ compared to non coffee drinkers.
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stroke
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What is needed to convert homocysteine to non-toxic cystathionone.
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vitamin B6
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An ulcer is a contraindication for nicotinic acid. T or F
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True
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C-Reactive Protein is a marker for what?
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inflammation
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What is probably the best predictor of early CAD in children and young adults?
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Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio
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In a study by Dr. Daniel Cramer of Harvard University, he found that women with cancer consume significantly more what? What was the apparent mechanism?
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Dairy Products, Galactose
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According to Orthomolecular Medicine, what appears to be the most important dietary risk for women?
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Sugar
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The chances of getting____ ______ is increased 6 times in women who receive estrogen therapy for up to 5 yrs and 15 times in long term therapy.
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Endometrial Cancer
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What appears to be the result of osteoclast dominance?
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osteoporosis
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What does decreased estrogen stimulate?
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Interleukin-6 which stimulates the growth of osteoclasts
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When and at what rate does bone loss begin in patients with osteoporosis?
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Mid-thirties at a rate of 1% per yr.
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Bone loss increases at _____ to 3-5% per yr for 5yrs then drops to 1.5%
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Menopause
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What stimulates osteoblast mediated formation of new bone?
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Progesterone
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Cardiac lesions produced by feeding heated oils were less extensive when the oils were also exposed to air for prolonged periods. T/F
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False lesion were more extensive using heated oils
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A study found that patients taking _____ had 2 times the risk of a brain hemorrhage than those not taking it
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aspirin
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Genetics is the primary factor in breast cancer. T or F
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False
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What should be treated as a risk factor for cardiovascular diease?
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inflammation
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People with elevated C-Reactive Protein have__ times the risk for MI's and __ times the risk for stroke.
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3, 2
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What is the primary protein in LDL?
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Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)
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Bone loss in women begins at what age?
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35
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What is probably the best indicator of risk of cerebral infarction?
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Lipoprotein
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What vitamin defiency is associated with increased homocysteine?
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B12, folic acid
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People in the highest 25% of _________levels have ____the risk of MI's compared to those in the lowest 25%.
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homocysteine, triple
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What percent of heart attack victims have normal blood lipids?
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40-50%
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Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by ____ and inhibited/blocked by ________.
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phosporus, estrogen
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Over the last 30 yrs the incident rates for osteoporosis increased by ___ times in women and ___ times in men.
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2, 4
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In the Harvard Nurses Study, women who drank milk every day had a greater risk of hip fracture than those who didn't. T or F
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True
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What do vegetarians have twice the amount of than non-vegetarians?
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Natural Killer Cells
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The use of _____ even moderately will increase the risk of breast cancer and benign polyps in the colon
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alcohol
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What converts linoleic acid into gamma linolenic acid (GLA)?
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Delta -6- Desaturase
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What does hydrogenation ultimately block?
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Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)function (During hydrogenation up to 60% of cis-linoleic acid is converted into trans-fatty acid which blocks EFA's)
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What is formed from broiling or frying creatinine-containing foods including fish and meats and may cause colon, breast, pancreatic or prostate cancer?
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Heterocyclic amines
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What deficiency may cause calcium to be deposited into soft tissue?
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Magnesium
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What are the four mechanisms of excess animal Protein leading to bone loss?
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1. Acid ash
2. phosphorus 3. Methionine/homocysteine 4. Arachidonic acid |
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In the Harvard Nurse's Study, women who drank 3+ glasses of milk daily had a bone fracture increase of _____%?
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45 (pg 129)
2+glasses of milk = 45% increase of hip fractures and 5% forearm fractures (pg 138) |
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What is the image modality of choice when assessing bone density?
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DEXA-Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
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What demographic has a significantly lower risk of prostate cancer?
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Black men in Africa
Increases 10 fold when move to USA |
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What is Delta -6-Desaturase inhibited by?
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saturated fats, trans fats, alcohol, nutrient deficiencies, radiation
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What foods are associated with an increase risk in prostate cancer?
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consumption of fish, meat, and all other forms of animal fats
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What may be the best predictor of whether a women's breast cancer recurs?
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high insulin levels
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What provided more protection against prostate cancer than any other dietary factor (42 country survey)
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soy
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Name the three symptoms of Fibromyalgia.
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Subjective joint swelling w/o objective swelling
local tenderness at muscle/tendon junctions sleep disturbances |
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What are the symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?
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Migratory joint pain
palpable tender lymph nodes low-grade fever sore throat abrupt onset of symptoms |
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In a ten yr trial study the WHO reported that taking what drugs actually increased the instances of heart attacks compared to individuals that didn't take said drugs?
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cholesterol lowering drugs
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What supplemental vitamin should be considered a drug?
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Niacin (B3)
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What is needed to convert homocysteine to methionine?
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folic acid, B12
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Jews moving from Yemen to Isreal experienced a large increase in what disease?
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Coronary Heart Disease ( due to significant increase in sugar, veg. oils, and margarine)
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Fibrinogen is a globulin that strongly increases what?
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blood coagulation
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What converts alpha-linolenic acid to eicosopentanoic acid (EPA)?
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Delta-6-Desaturase
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What can elevate when taking Niacin?
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uric acid and blood sugar
(purities and hyperpigmentation may occur) |
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Eating two of these per day may lower cholesterol by as much as 10-20%
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raw carrots
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What is an increase in Fibrinogen caused by?
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Inflammation
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What supplementation commonly reduces the tender point index in patients with Fibromyalgia?
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Magnesium and Malic acid
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What is as potent as aspirin at decreasing platelet aggregation?
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Ginger
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In the Physician's Health Study, the men who exercised 5 times or more a week had a reduction in what disease? By what %?
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Cardiovascular Disease, 46%
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What has elevated homocysteine been implicated in?
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MI's, Ischemic stroke, coronary artery stenosis, arterial wall injury, venous thrombosis, renal diseases
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After menopause homocysteine levels decrease in women. T or F
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False levels increase
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______-_______% of all heart patients have hyperhomocystinemia.
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20-40%
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Elevated __________is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, MI's, and peripheral artery disease
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Fibrinogen
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Stearic acid (over half of the saturated fat in cocoa butter) increases LDL. T or F
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False it does not increase LDL
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Do polyunsaturated fats increase or decrease LDL, VLDL, and HDL?
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decrease
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_________ and _________ decrease LDL,VLDL, and platelet aggregation while increasing HDL and Fibrinolysis.
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garlic and onion
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Boswella, ginger and tumerin decrease ___________.
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inflammation
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Trans fats increase or decrease lipoprotein A levels?
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increase
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The risk of developing breast cancer is 2.3 times higher among women who receive estrogen replacement therapy. T or F
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True
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What is the flush caused when taking Niacin and can it be minimized?
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it's the release of histamine from mast cells
Minimized by taking it with meals, raising the dose slowly, or taking aspirin 15-30 minutes prior to taking Niacin |
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One study found that calcium consumption was associated with a higher risk of advanced prostate cancer do to the lowering of what?
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1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25 D)(D3)
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What can reduce the risk of breast cancer in women?
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Lower vitamin A intake along with an increase in monounsaturated fat intake (progestins do not decrease the risk)
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Support the patient starve the tumor is part of what?
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principles of management
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WHAT DOES ARACHIDONIC ACID DO?
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Increases osteoclasts, stimulates collagenase, inhibits proteoglycan, increase vascular permeability, increases inflammation, stimulates release of lysosomal enzymes
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what does licorce do?
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supports adrenals, helps heal the digestive system
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Dr. Daniel Cramer found that women who consumed significantly more dairy (esp. yogurt) were at a higher risk for what?
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ovarian cancer
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Patients with what disease were comonly found to have weaker Quads even though many had no pain?
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Osteoarthritis
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What does a deficiency in magnesium and or malic acid cause in Fibromyalgia patients?
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Hypoxia
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When treating Fibromyalgia w/supplements such as magnesium, malic acid, manganese, vitamins B1, B6 and CoQ10 how often are they taken
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qid for one week, then bid for seven weeks
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During one study what happened to a grp of people w/cardiovascular conditions put on a low fat diet supplemented w/4 TBS of corn oil per day?
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grp had lower cholesterol but twice the number of heart attacks compared to control grp
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What herb can be considered for vasodilation to reduce risk of infarction?
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Hawthorn Berry
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What is another name for CoQ10?
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Ubiquinone
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How much sugar does the average person consume per yr?
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170 lbs
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What makes up 50% of the calories consumed in the American Diet?
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sugar, white flour, and white rice
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What was the result of a study discussed that compared hypertension in vegetarians vs non-vegetarians?
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2% vegetarians were hypertensive compared to 26% of the non vegetarians
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____ _______ intake increases the risk of colon polyps and cancer.
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Red meat
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What is the #1 food associated with prostate cancer?
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Red meat
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What risk is increased in women who take oral contraceptives?
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breast cancer, cholecystitis
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Infarction of the myocardium is possible when arteriosclerosis is absent due to a deficiency in __________.
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Magnesium
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Estrogen replacement therapy increases the risk for ovarian and breast cancer. Adding_________will decrease the risk of ovarian cancer but not breast cancer.
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Progestins
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Cataracts and ovarian cancer have an association with poor metabolism. T or F
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true
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What are the supplements that Dr. Michael Colgan recommend?
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Omega-3's (satisfies cravings),
L-carnitine & Chromium(glucose tolerance factor, assists insulin) |
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The WHO says that there is no evidence that greater than _______mg/day of Ca is harmful.
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300
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What are the names for Celiac Disease?
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Non-Tropical Sprue
Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy |
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What does someone with Celiac Disease need to avoid?
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Gluten and Dairy
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What is another name for Crohn's Disease?
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Regional Enteritis
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What is another name for Irritable Bowel Syndrome?
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Spastic Colon or IBS
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What does GERD stand for?
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
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What causes heartburn (GERD)?
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Hiatal Hernia, vomiting as in bulemia, decreased Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) pressure
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Causes of decreased Lower Esophageal Sphincter Pressure are:
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Pregnancy (progesterin)
oral contraceptives Ingestion of irritating agent Viral inflammation |
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What are the two other names for esophagitis?
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Heartburn and GERD
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Hiatal hernia can be managed by chiropractic manipulation (if allowed by law). T or F
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True
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What predisposes a person to peptic ulcers?
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excess refined foods
smoking excess caffeine Food allergies rushed or irregular meals excess salicytates Genetics (slight) stress (controversial) |
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What vegetable juice is used to nutritionally manage peptic ulcers?
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Cabbage
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What food is as effective as Tagamet or Zantac for controlling peptic ulcers?
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licorice
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antacids are effective in the control of peptic ulcers. T or F
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False
Antacids can increase acid secretion due to rebound effect |
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Cholecystitis AKA gall bladder inflammation is caused primarily from what?
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food allergies
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Predisposing factors of cholecystitis are:
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female
fourty multiparen obese diabetes sedentary lifestyle genetic oral contraceptives (doubles risk) |
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Which foods cause cholecystitis?
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egg 92.8%, Pork 63.8%, onion 52.2%, fowl 34.8%,
milk 24.6%, Coffee 21.7%, oranges 18.8%, corn, beans, nuts 14.5% |
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Using soy milk vice cow's milk decreases gallstone formation. Tor F
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True
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What are the preventive factors for celiac disease?
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breast feeding, delayed introduction of cow's milk, delayed introduction of cereal grains
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Symptoms of Crohn's Disease:
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severe abdominal cramping
right lower quadrant pain diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue anorexia, malabsorption syndrome, secondary lesions |
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What is the possible pathogen in Crohn's Disease?
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Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
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What syndrome is exacerbated by stress, emotional upset, lack of sleep, tobacco, caffeine, alcohol, antibiotics, insufficient fluid intake?
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Inflammation and ulceration of colon. Primarily seen in adolescents and young adults.
Associated with dependent, depressed, irritable and hostile, obsesssive, and emotionally unstable personality types. |
Ulcerative Colitis
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Diverticulosis is common in those who eat a diet rich in complex carbohydrates. T or F
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False, It is rare
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A high fiber diet is the best treatment for what digestive disorder?
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Diverticulosis
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Swallowing air when eating or drinking is a common cause of what?
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flatulence
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Fewer than three bowel movements per week for men or five per week for women indicates what?
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constipation
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What are some causes of constipation?
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diet of refined low fiber foods,
inadequate water intake, low exercise, medications, folic acid deficiency |
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What four botanicals can be used for constipation?
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Cascara sagrada, Cassia senna, Psyllium seed, Aloe Vera
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Caffeine can cause diarrhea in some people. T or F
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True
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Harvard Nurses Study found that when protein intake was ________, calcium loss was __________.
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tripled, quadrupled
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Women who ate the most animal protein had a ______ times greater risk of hip fracture than those who ate plant protein.
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3.7
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Dairy products leave an ______ ash.
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acid
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Calcium is only found in dairy products. T or F
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False, Calcium is available in plant foods and is absorbed better than from dairy
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__________decreases bone resorption, but bone formation usually does not increase and eventually decreases
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Estrogens
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No study using estrogen alone has increased _____ ______.
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bone mass
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__________stimulates osteoblast mediated formation of new bone.
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Progesterone
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Weight bearing exercise strengthens/weakens bone.
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strengthens
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Caffeine plus sugar equals catastrophic bone loss. T or F
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True
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Excess _________ increases metabolism which increases calcium excretion
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Thyroxin
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Parathyroid Hormone is stimulated by ________ and is blocked by _________.
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phosphorus, estrogen
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Parathyroid Hormone increases or decreases the breakdown of bone.
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increases
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Corticosteroids increase the absorption of calcium. T or F
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False decreases
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Women who smoke reach menopause an average of ____yrs earlier than non-smokers.
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5
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_________ in cigarette smoke increase bone loss.
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Cadmium
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Vitamin ____ is essential for calcium and phosphorus transport from intestine to the blood.
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D
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Excess vitamin D can increase calcium deposition in soft tissues such as kidneys or arteries. T or F
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true
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Vitamin ___ is essential for the synthesis of collagen.
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C
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Vitamin ____ decreases calcium excretion.
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K
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______ to ______% of bone must be lost before it shows on x-ray.
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30 to 50%
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Vitamin ___ is used in the production of progesterone, decreases inflammation in connective tissue.
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B6
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If Pyridinium shows in the urine it indicates loss of _______ and ________.
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bone and cartilage,
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If deoxypyridinium shows in the urine it indicates _____loss only.
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bone
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More women and men die from ________ ________ than any other cause.
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heart disease
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Two times more women die from heart disease than from cancer. T or F
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true
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According to the WHO more people taking cholesterol - lowering drugs died from heart atttacks than matched subjects not taking the drug T or F
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true
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Vitamins_____, ______, & ______ _______ lower homocysteine.
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B6, B12, Folic Acid
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_____% of newly diagnosed cases of Type II diabetes are children between the ages of 13-18.
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40
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Oleic acid (olive oil) ________ LDL, __________ HDL, and _________lipid perioxidation.
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decreases, increases, decreases
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Vitamin ___ can raise HDL while lowering LDL and triglycerides.
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C
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Too much vitamin __ damages smooth muscle and is associated with high cholesterol.
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D
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Increasing vitamin E decreases cardiovascular disease. T or F
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true
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A co-factor in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria.
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Carnitine
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Excess ____has been implicated in the oxidation of cholesterol (LDL)
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iron
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Supplementation of ____ is contraindicated unless deficient especially in men.
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iron
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Garlic can help lower ______.
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cholesterol
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Salt elevates blood pressure in most of the population. T or F.
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false, only 25% of the population is salt sensitive
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What naturally thins blood, protects the vessels from free radicals, strengthens collagen and elastin?
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Ginko bilboa
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