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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an ALLELE?
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Alternative versions of a gene
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What is a BASE?
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One of the nitrogen-containing side-chain molecules attached to a sugar molecule in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA. The four bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C); the four bases in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), and cytosine (C); the information in a molecule of DNA and RNA is determined by its sequence of bases
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What is a BASE PAIR?
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Two nucleotides on complementary strands of DNA that form a pair, linked by hydrogen bonds; the patterns of pairing is adenine (A) with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine (G); the base-paired arrangement forms the "rungs" of the double-helix structure of DNA
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What is BIOTECHNOLOGY?
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The modification of organisms, cells, and their molecules for practical benefits
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What is a CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATION?
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A type of mutation categorized by a change in the overall organization of genes on the chromosomes, such as the deletion of a section of DNA; the moving of a gene from one part of a chromosome to elsewhere on the same chromosome or a different chromosome, or the duplication of a gene, with the new copy inserted elsewhere on the chromosome or on a different chromosome
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What is a CHROMOSOME?
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A linear or circular strand of DNA on which are found specific sequence of base pairs; the human genome consists of two copies of each 23 unique chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father
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What is a CLONE?
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A genetically identical DNA fragment, cell or organism produced by a single cell or organism
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What is a CLONE LIBRARY?
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A collection of cloned DNA fragments, also known as a gene library
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What is CLONING?
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The production of genetically identical cells, organisms, or DNA molecules
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What is a CODE?
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In genetics, the base sequence of a gene
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What is a CODON?
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Three-base sequence in mRNA that link with complementary tRNA molecules, which are attached to amino acids; a codon with yet another sequence ends the process of assembling a protein from amino acid
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What is DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)?
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A nucleic acid, DNA carries information about the production of particular proteins in the sequences of its nucleotide bases
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What is a DNA PROBE?
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A short sequence of radioactively tagged single-stranded DNA that contain part of the sequence of the gene of interest, used to locate that gene in a gene library; the probe binds to the complementary base pair on a gene in the library, which is identified by the radioactive tag on the probe
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What is a GENE?
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The basic unit of heredity; a sequence of DNA nucleotides on a chromosome that carries the information necessary for making a functional product, usually a protein or RNA molecule
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What is a GENE LIBRARY?
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A collection of cloned DNA fragments, also know as a clone library
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What is GENE THERAPY?
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A therapy designed to treat or cure a disease by insertion of a functional gene to replace a defective version of the gene
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What is GENETIC ENGINEERING?
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The manipulation of an organism's genetic material by adding, deleting, or transplanting genes from one organism to another
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What is a GENOME?
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The full set of DNA present in an individual organism; also can refer to the full set of DNA present in a species
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What is a GENOTYPE?
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The genes that an organism carries for a particular trait; also, collectively, an organism's genetic composition
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What is HUMAN GENOME PROJECT?
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A project to decode the three billion base pairs in the human genome and to identify all genes present in it
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What is HYBRIDIZATION?
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The interbreeding of closely related species
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What is an INTRON?
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A non-coding region of DNA
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What is a MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)?
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The ribonucleic acid that "reads" the sequence for a gene in DNA and then moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where the next stage of protein synthesis will take place
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What is MUTATION?
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An alteration in the base-pair sequence of an individual's DNA; may arise spontaneously or following exposure to a mutagen
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What is NUCLEIC ACID?
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One of the four types of biological macromolecules, the nucleic acids DNA and RNA store genetic information in unique sequences of nucleotides
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What is a NUCLEOTIDE?
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A molecule containing a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogen-containing molecule; nucleotides are the individual units that together, in a unique sequence, constitute a nucleic acid
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What is a PHENOTYPE?
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The manifested structure, function, and behaviors of an individual; the expression of the genotype of an organism
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What is a PHYLOGENETIC TREE?
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A grouping of organisms in a hierarchical system that reflects the evolutionary history and relatedness of the organisms
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What is a PLASMID?
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A circular DNA molecule found outside the main chromosome in bacteria
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What is POINT MUTATION?
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A mutation in which one base pair in DNA is replaced with another or a base pair is either inserted or deleted
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What is POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)?
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A laboratory technique in which a fragment of DNA can be duplicated repeatedly
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What is a PROMOTER SITE?
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A part of a DNA molecule that indicates where the sequence of base pairs that makes up a gene begins
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What is PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?
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The construction of a protein from its constituent amino acids, by the processes of transcription and translation
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What is RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY?
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Technology that depends on the combination of two or more sources of DNA into a product; an example is the production of human insulin from fast-dividing transgenic E. coli bacteria in which has been inserted the human DNA sequence that codes for the production of insulin
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What are RESTRICTION ENZYMES?
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Enzymes that recognize and bind to different specific sequences of four to eight bases in DNA and cut the DNA at that point; restriction enzymes are important in biotechnology because they permit the cutting of short lengths of DNA, which can be inserted into other chromosomes or otherwise be utilized
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What are RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS?
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The two structural parts of a ribosome, which function together to translate mRNA to build a chain of amino acids that will make up of protein
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What is a STEM CELL?
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Undifferentiated cells that have the ability to develop into any type of cell in the body; this property makes stem cells useful in biotechnology
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What is a TRAIT?
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Any characteristic or feature of an organism, such as red petal color in a flower
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What is TRANSCRIPTION?
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The process by which a gene's base sequence is copied to mRNA
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What is TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)?
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RNA molecules in the cytoplasm that link specific triplet base sequences on mRNA to specific amino acids
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What is a TRANSGENIC ORGANISM?
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An organism that contains DNA from another species
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What is TRANSLATION?
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The process by which mRNA, which encodes a gene's base sequence, directs the production of a protein
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What is VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeats)?
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Regions of repeating sequences of bases in DNA that vary in the number of times the sequence repeats from individual and, in a given individual, between homologues; identification of the number of repeats in several regions can serve as a DNA "fingerprint" unique to an individual
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