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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Niccolo Machiavelli
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- Emphasized discussions on how to seize and maintain power in political theory
- Bolstered realism with Greek and Roman examples |
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Humanism
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- Theme of Italian Renaissance culture
- Focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor - Religion NOT attacked |
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Effects of Renaissance themes on politics and commerce
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- Merchants improved banking techniques and became more openly profit-seeking
-City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified rule not with heredity or divine guidance but with what they could do do improve general well-being in city's glory - Leaders sponsored cultural activity and tried to improve administration - More professional armies, more military tactics Renaissance encouraged innovation, although produced independence on classical models |
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Why did Italy decline as a Renaissance center?
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- French and Spanish monarchies invaded, reducing independence
- Atlantic trade routes reduced importance of Mediterranean ports, a huge blow to Italian economy |
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Northern Renaissance - Religion and Art
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- Focused on France, Low Countries, Germany, and England
- Began after 1450 - Also affected Hungary and Poland - Knowledge in Latin and Greek literature gained ground, although many northern humanists wrote in their own language - More religious than Italian counterparts, trying to blend secular interests with continued Christian devotion |
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Northern Renaissance - Politics
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- Provided another move toward greater state powers
- Renaissance kings increased pomp and ceremony - Kings like Francis I became patron of arts, willing to ally with Ottoman sultan, key Muslim leader - Late 16th century: many monarchs sponsoring trading companies and colonial enterprises - Began to abandon feudal or religious justifications Renaissance impact should not be overstated - Kings still confined to power of feudal lords - Ordinary ppl little touched by Renaissance values - Economic life changed little outside Italian commercial centers - Women encountered limits as Renaissance leaders touted men's bravado over women's domestic roles |
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Johannes Gutenberg
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- Introduced the movable type built upon Chinese technology
- Books distributed in greater quantities in the West, which helped gain grounds for Renaissance writers and disseminated religious ideas - Literacy began to gain ground and create new thinking |
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European-style family
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-Pattern involved late marriage age and primary emphasis on nuclear families rather than extended families characteristic of most agricultural civilizations
- Goal to limit birth rates - Emphasized importance of husband-wife relations |
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Martin Luther
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- Nailed a document containing 95 theses to door of castle church in Wittenberg
- Protesting selling indulgences, or grants of salvation, for money. - Convinced that only faith could gain salvation, but church sacraments were not the path, since God could not be manipulated - Led to the challenging of many beliefs, including the authority of the pope himself - Argued bible should be translated from latin so ordinary people could have direct access |
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What were the people's reaction to Martin Luther's 95 theses?
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- Wide support
- Many Germans resented authority and taxes of pope - German Princes saw an opportunity to gain more power because their nominal leader, the Holy Roman Emperor, remained Catholic - Protestantism |
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Protestantism
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Urged state control of church as an alternative to papal authority
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Anglican church
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- Henry VIII set up to challenge papal attempts to enforce his first marriage
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Jean Calvin/Calvinism
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- Insisted on predestination
- Puritain exiles brought it to North America |
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Catholic Reformation - What was it and why did it happen?
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- Catholic church not happy under Protestant attack, so they revived Catholic doctrine and refuted key Protestant tenets such as the idea that priests had no sacramental power
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Jesuits
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- New religious order
- Became active in politics, education, and missionary work - Sponsored Catholic missionary activity in Asia and the Americas |
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What were the results of the Protestant and Catholic Reformations in the late 16th and early 17th centuries?
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- Religious wars
- Disputes only ended with edict of Nantes, temporarily granting tolerance to Protestants - Thirty Years' War in Germany, ended by Treaty of Westphalia - No more Christian Unity - Period of political and internal weakness, but France, Britain and Netherlands got up and continued toward an international role - Decline in papal authority benefited kings and princes - Ppl gradually less likely to see connection between God and nature - Promotion of greater concentration on family life - Women had no role unless they married |
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Thirty Years' War
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Pitted German protestants and allies such as Lutheran Sweden against Holy Roman Empire, backed by Spain
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English Civil War
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- Religious issues combined with other problems
- Particularly battle between claims of parliament to rights of control over royal actions and rather tactless assertions of authority by a new line of kings |
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Why was inflation important to greater commercialization in western Europe during the 16th century?
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- Massive import of gold and silver forced prices up
- New wealth heightened demand for products, but Western production couldn't keep pace, hence the inflation - Encouraged merchants to take risks, since borrowing money was cheap when it was losing value - Led to great trading companies |
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What was the position of the peasants during this commercialization?
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- Peasants continued to manufacture mainly for their own needs, but agricultural speciality areas developed
- Prosperity increased for ordinary ppl |
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Proletariat
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- Victims of changes, ppl with no access to wealth-producing property
- Hit by rising food prices - Became manufacturers, beggars, paid laborers, etc |
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What provoked the massive wave of protest in western Europe?
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- Shifts in popular economic and cultural traditions
- Need for greater protection from poverty and loss of property - Lack of political rights |
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What did the rebellions of the 17th century reveal?
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- Social tensions and new ideas of equality
- Massive insecurity of workers |
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Witchcraft Persecution
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- Reflected resentments against poor
- Revealed tensions about family life and role of women, as they were most often to get persecuted |
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Scientific Revolution
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- Promoted changes in popular outlook
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Galileo
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- Publicized Copernicus' discovery while adding his own basic findings
- Showed new pride in scientific achievement |
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René Descartes
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- Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom, arguing that human reason could develop laws that would explain fundamental workings of nature
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Isaac Newton
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- Principles of motion
- Scientific method: explained it in terms of a mixture of rational hypothesis and general careful observation and experimentation |
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What resulted from the scientific revolution?
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- New scientific institutes, often with government aid
- Lectures and easy-to-read manuals publicized and shared - Attacks on witchcraft more common, died down in 1670s - Doctors increased attacks on popular healers - West became leading center for scientific advance |
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Deism
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Belief that there is a God simply to set the natural laws in motion
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John Locke
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- Argued that ppl could learn everything they needed to know through their senses and reason; faith was irrelevant
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What was the new political model for France during the 17th century?
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- Absolute monarchy
- Appointed bureaucracy from lawyers and merchants, sent representatives to outlying districts, more formal training to army and officers. |
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King Louis XIV
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- Absolute monarch
- Patron of arts, giving government cultural role, encouraged science, worked to standardize French language - Reduced internal tariffs, which acted as barriers to trade, created new, state-run manufacturing. - Followed mercantilism and limited imports |
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Where did absolute monarchies develop outside of France and how did they work?
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- Spain tried to imitate French principles, which resulted in efforts to tighten control over Latin American colonies
- Central European states: series of kings in Prussia, in eastern Germany, built a strong army and bureaucracy - Promoted economic activity, began to develop state- sponsored system |
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Where were Britain and Netherlands in the trend toward absolute monarchy?
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- Stood apart from trend toward absolute monarchy
- Emphasized role of central state, but also built parliamentary regimes in which the kings share power with representatives, a parliamentary monarchy |
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What characteristics did absolute monarchy share with parliamentary monarchies as nation-states?
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- Ruled peoples who shared common culture and language, unlike the great empires of many other civilizations
- Could appeal to loyalty that linked cultural and political bonds |
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What belief did ordinary people hold true about government?
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- Peasants, although not directly represented by government, believed that government should act for their interests
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Frederick the Great
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- Prussian
- Building on bureaucratic organization, introduced greater religious freedom while expanding economic functions of state |
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Enlightenment
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- Continued to support scientific advance
- Pioneered in applying scientific methods to the study of human society - Humans are good, at least improvable and can be educated. Blind faith is wrong |
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Molly Wollstonecraft
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- Feminist thinker
- Argued against general male-centered view of Enlightenment thinkers, that political rights and freedoms should extend to women |
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How did habits and beliefs of ordinary people change during the Enlightenment?
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- People allowed to discuss latest reform ideas
- Attitudes toward children began to shift as older methods of physical discipline was criticized and parents became more interested in interaction - Love between family members and emotional bonds gained more respect; parents reluctant to match son or daughter if emotional vibrations were not right |
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How did Agriculture change after the Enlightenment?
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- New procedures for draining swamps added to more available land
- Stockbreeding improved - Scythes instead of sickles improved productivity |
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Economy after Enlightenment?
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- Increased manufacturing
- Capitalism: investment of funds in hopes for profits |
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Overall after Enlightenment?
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- Better food supplies, manufacturing, etc combined to make a rapidly growing population
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