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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
aggression
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behavior whose purpose is to harm another
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frustration-aggression principle
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a principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted
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cooperation
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behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
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altruism
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behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself
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reciprocal altruism
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behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future
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group
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a collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common
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prejudice
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a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on his or her group membership
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discrimination
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positive or negative behavior toward another person based on his or her group membership
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deindividuation
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a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values
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diffusion of responsibility
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the tendency for individuals to feel deminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
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group polarization
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the tendency for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time
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mere exposure effect
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the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure
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social exchange
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the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
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equity
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a state of affairs in which the cost benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal
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social influence
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the control of one person's behavior by another
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observational learning
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learning that occurs when one person observes another person being rewarded or punished
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norms
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a customary standard of behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture
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normative influence
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a phenomenon where by one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate
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norm of reciprocity
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the norm that people should benefit those who have benefited them
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door-in-the-face technique
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a strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior
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conformity
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the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
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obedience
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the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because the tell us to do it
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attitude
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an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event
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belief
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an enduring piece of knowlege about an object or event
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informational influence
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a phenonmenon whereby a person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true
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persuasion
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a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitude or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person
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systematic persuasion
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a change in attitude or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason
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heuristic persuasion
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a change in attitude or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion
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foot-in-the-door technique
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a strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behavior
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cognitive dissonance
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an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs
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social cognition
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the processes by which people come to understand others
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stereotyping
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the process by which people draw inferences about others based on their knowledge of the categories to which other belong
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perceptual confirmation
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a phenomenon that occurs when observers perceive what they expect to perceive
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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a phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to perceive
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subtyping
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the process of creating a modification to a stereotype, rather than abandoning it altogether, when confronted with evidence that clearly disconfirms that stereotype evidence
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attribution
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an inference about the cause of a person's behavior
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correspondence bias
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the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation
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actor-observer effect
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the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others
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frequency distributions
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graphic representations of the measurement of a sample that are arranged by the number of times each measurement was observed
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normal distribution
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a frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the mean and fall off toward the tails, and the two sides of the distribution are symmetrical
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mode
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the value of the most frequently observed measurement
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mean
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the average value of all the measurements
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median
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the value that is greater than or equal to the values of half the measurements and less than or equal to half the values of the measurments
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range
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the value of the largest measurement minus the value of the smallest measurement
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correlation coefficient
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a measure of the direction and strength of a correlation, and it is symbolized by the letter r (as in "relationship")
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