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241 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Mobitz I
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117. Usually due to inferior MI. Rarely goes into 3rd degree block. 118. Txt w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol.
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Mobitz II
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119. BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI.
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P wave
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120. Atrial depol.
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a wave
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121. LA contraction
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T wave
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122. Vetricular repol.
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Wavy fibers
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123. Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes. Early sign of MI.
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Janeway’s lesions
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124. Acute bacterial endocarditis. 125. Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms & soles.
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Osler’s nodes
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126. Subacute bacterial endocarditis. 127. Tender lesions of fingers & toes.
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Thiamine defcy
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128. Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congested) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcohol consumption 129. Dyr Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy 130. Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia; confusion; confabulation; memory loss
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Fibrinous Pericarditis
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131. Associated w/ MI: Dressler’s
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Serous Pericarditis
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132. Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (Coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction.
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Friction Rub
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133. Pericarditis association
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Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
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134. Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
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Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
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135. Aka infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart 136. Due to amyloidosis in the elderly 137. Due to , also see schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yoa).
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PML’s infectious agent
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138. JC Virus (Papovavirus = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
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Edema
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139. increases Pc (more seeps out) 140. decreases πc (less reabsorbed) 141. increases permeability 142. Block lymphatic drainage
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Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
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143. Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present. 144. 3 cysts in ea. Kidney w/ + family history confirms diagnosis
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Malignant HTN & Kidneys
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145. Petehial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea-Bitten surface = young black men
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Nephritic signs
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146. Hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
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Nephrotic signs
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147. Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
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Podocyte Effacement seen w/
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148. Minimal Change (Lipoid nephrosis) disease
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ASO seen in
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149. Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to βHGASrtep) 150. Anti streptolysin O
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Crescentic GN
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151. Rapidly progressive GN – nephritic syndrome 152. Associated w/ multi system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis
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Hereditary Nephritis
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153. Alport’s syndrome. X linked 154. Renal disease w/ deafness & ocualr abnormalities
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Membranoproliferative GN
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155. Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infections; CLL 156. See tram tracking
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TypeI Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
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157. C3 & IgG deposits
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TypeII Membrano Proliferative GN deposits
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158. Only C3 deposits 159. Aka Dense deposit disease
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis deposits
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160. IgM & C3 deposits
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Cold agglutinins
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161. Seen in atypical pneumonia 162. It is IgM Ab with specificity for I Ag on adult RBCs
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Scrofula
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163. TB in the lymph nodes
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Aspirin-Asthma Triad
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164. Nasal polyps – Rhinitis – bronchoconstriction
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Ferruginous bodies
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165. Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been pahgocytised
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Pancoast’s tumor causes
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166. Ulnar nerve pain & Horner’s syndrome
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Fatty degeneration
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167. Made up primarily of triglycerides 168. Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis 169. Associated w/ CCl4 -
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Cloudy swelling
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170. Failure of cellular Na pump 171. Seen in Fatty degeneration of the liver and in Hydropic (Vacuolar) degeneration of the liver
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Hydropic degeneration
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172. Severe form of cloudy swelling 173. Seen with hypokalemia induced by vomitting/diarrhea
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Liquefaction necrosis
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174. Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids 175. Seen commonly in Brain & Spinal cord (CNS) injuries 176. Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation
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Coagulation necrosis
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177. Result of sudden ischemia 178. Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation) = heart, lung, kidney, spleen
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Caseation necrosis
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179. Combination of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis 180. Seen w/ M. tuberculosis & Histoplasma capsulatum infection
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Fibrinoid necrosis
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181. Seen in the walls of small arteries 182. Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarteritis nodosa, immune mediated vasculitis
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Fat necrosis
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183. Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes 184. Seen w/ Acute pancreatitis = saponification results
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Hemoptysis
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185. Blood in sputum
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Pulmonary embolism
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186. Most commonly thrombus from lower extremity vein
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Phlebothrombosis
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187. From a vein of lower extremities, of a pregnant uterus, in Congestive heart failure, bed ridden pt, 188. As a complicaiton in a pt w/ Pancreatic CA due to increases d blood coagulability
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Saddle embolus
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189. Embolus lodged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks 190. increases increases RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor Pulmonale
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Paradoxical embolism
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191. Right to Left shunt allows a venous embolism to enter arterial circulation 192. Patent ovale foramen or Atrial septal defect
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Tuberculoid granuloma
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193. Collection of macrophages w/o caseation 194. Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating); Syphilis; Brucellosis and Leprotic infections
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Cellulitis
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195. Spreading infection due to streptococcus
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PSA
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196. Prostate Specific Antigen = elevated in prostatic CA
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increases increases 5-HT
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197. In cases of metastatic carcinoid, txt w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
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increases αFeto Protein
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198. Hepatocarcinoma 199. Neural tube defects
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CEA
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200. Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in Colon CA
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Chromosome 13
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201. Retinoblastoma
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Chromosome 11p
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202. Wilms tumor of the kidney
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Vinyl Chloride
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203. Associated w/ Angiosarcoma of the liver
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Agent Orange
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204. Contains dioxin 205. Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin;s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma & soft tissue sarcomas
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Parasites & CA
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206. Schistosoma haematobium = Urinary bladder CA 207. S. mansoni = Colon CA 208. Aspergillus flavus = potent hepatocarcinogen
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Ochronosis
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209. Alkaptonuria 210. Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine) 211. Involving intervertebral disks = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker spine 212. See dark urine; dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage
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Lead poisoning
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213. Acid fast inclusion bodies 214. increases urinary coproprophyrin 215. Anemia: microcytic/ hypochromic 216. Stippling of the basophils 217. Gingival line & lead line in bones: x-ray 218. Mental retardation
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Heroin OD, clinically
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219. Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from the nostrils
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Fetal alcohol syndrome
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220. Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency, and hirsutism
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Atypical mycobacterium
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221. M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
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Cold abscesses
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222. Liquefied TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscesses but lacking acute inflammation
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Actinomyces isrealli
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223. Farmers infection 224. Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus
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Congenital Syphilis
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225. Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson’s teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
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Warthin-Finkeledy cells
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226. Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen 227. Seen with Rubeola (measles) due to paramyxovirus
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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228. Tapeworm infection causing megaloblastic anemia by consuming large amount of vit B12 in the host
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Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
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229. α Hemolytic Streptococci (S. viridans) = usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
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Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
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230. Staph aureus, β Hemolytic Streptococci, E. coli 231. Common among drug addicts & diabetics
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Mitral Insufficiency
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232. Ruptured papillary muscle
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Left Anterior Descending branch
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233. Branch of the Left Coronary artery 234. Highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion 235. MI = anterior wall of the LV, especially in apical part of interventricular septum
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Left Circumflex branch
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236. Branch of the Left Coronary artery 237. Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV
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Dissecting Aneurysm
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238. False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta 239. Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan’s Collagen disease 240. Zones of medial necrosis +/- slitlike cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim
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Cor Pulmonale
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241. Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
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Acute Cor Pulmonale
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242. Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
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Bronchopneumonia
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243. Lobular (rather than lobar) 244. Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E. coli 245. Abscess formation is common
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Lobar pneumonia
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246. Due to Strep. Pneumoniae infection (5% due to Klebsiella) 247. Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of the pneumonia 248. Gray Hepatization: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia 249. Complicaitons: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media
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Bronchiectasis
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250. Permanent dilatation of the bronchi – predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip 251. Supparation associated 252. Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement
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Cold Agglutinins
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253. Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Panlobular Emphysema
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254. α1 – antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase increases = increases compliance in the lung
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Bulla
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255. Associated w/ Emphysema = “Bleb” = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
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Farmer’s Lung
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256. Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
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Bagassosis
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257. Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes) 258. Inhalation of sugar cane dust
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Silo-Filler’s Lung
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259. Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
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G6PDH Deficiency
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260. Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans 261. Heinz Bodies appear in RBCs
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HbF increases increases
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262. Sickle Cell Anemia
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Multiple Myeloma
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263. Lytic lesions of flat bones (“salt & pepper lesions”) = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts
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Hodgkin’s Disease
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264. Malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes causing pruritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
265. Reed Sternberg cells |
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Polyarteritis Nodosa
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266. Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
267. Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag 268. Can see fever; abd.pain; decreases wt; HTN; muscle aches |
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Sprue
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269. Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted 270. High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & increases IgA levels
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Regional Enteritis
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271. Crohn’s Disease 272. Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum
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Whipple’s Disease
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273. Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
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Kulchitsky cells
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274. Neural cest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi; GIT; Pancreas
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Ulcerative Colitis
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275. Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ increases colon CA incidence 276. Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn 277. Pseudopolyps when ulcers are deep 278. Not transmural involvement
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Vaginal Adenosis
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279. Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy 280. Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina & cervix
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Scirrhous Carcinoma
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281. Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis – most common type of breast carcinoma
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Hofbauer Cells
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282. Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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Retinopathy of Prematurity
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283. Retrolental Fibroplasia = cause of bindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
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IgA deficiency
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284. Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ increases respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune diseases 285. If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction
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Priamry Sjorgen’s
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286. Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis. increases risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease.
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Secondary Sjorgen’s
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287. Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association 288. RA association shows HLA-DR4
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LDH1 & LDH2
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289. Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = Myocardial Infarction
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LDH3
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290. Lung tissue
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LDH4 & LDH5
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291. Liver cells
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Keratomalacia
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292. Severe Vit A deficiency. See Bitot’s spots in the eyes = gray plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
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Metabisfite Test
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293. Suspending RBCs in a low O2 content solution 294. Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2
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Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
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295. Can be due to Hemolyitc Uremic Syndrome & Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) 296. See Helmet cells
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Wright’s stain
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297. Stain for Burkitt’s lymphoma
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Mononucleosis
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298. Due to EBV infeciton 299. If Mono is treated w/ Ampicillin, thinking that it is a strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur.
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T(8;14)
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300. Burkitt’s lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
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T(9;22)
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301. CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
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Langerhan Cell Histiocytosis
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302. Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma 303. Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape
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Myeloid Metaplasia
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304. Alkaline phosphatase increases /normal compare to CML = low to absent 305. Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis
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Multiple Myeloma
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306. Weakness; wt. loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; increases proliferation of plasma cells in BM = plasma cell dx 307. Serum M protein spike – most often of IgG or IgA 308. Hypercalcemia (increases bone destruction)
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T(14;18)
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309. NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene overexpression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicualr) Lymphoma
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Focal Segmental GN exs
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310. IgA Focal GN = Berger’s disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
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Nephrotic Syndrome exs
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311. Focal (Segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (Minimal Change) GN; Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine
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Schistosoma Haematobium
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312. Infection is assocaited w/ Squamous cell CA of the Bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type) 313. Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction
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Penicillin Resistant PID
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314. PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
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Duret Hemorrhages
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315. Severe increases in ICP w/ downward diplacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons & midbrain 316. Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas
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Hypertensive Hemorrhage
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317. Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhages
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Cerebral Embolism from
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318. MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi = Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; Paradoxical Embolism of septal defect
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Neurosyphilis
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319. Tabes Dorsalis = decreases joint position sensation, decreases pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupils 320. Syphilitic meningitis 321. Paretic neurosyphilis
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5p¬
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322. Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat-like cry
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Trisomy 13
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323. Patau’s: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
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Acute Cold Agglutinaiton
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324. Abs to I blood group Ag. Mediated by IgM Abs 325. Complication of EBV or Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
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Chronic Cold Agglutinaiton
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326. Associated w/lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissue exposed to cold. IgM Abs
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RBC Osmotic Fragility
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327. Hereditary Spherocytosis
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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
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328. Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. Related to CLL. 329. Small Cleaved cell (Follicualr): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14;18) bcl-2 oncogene 330. Large Cell 331. Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL 332. Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt’s: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection. Starry sky histo appearance. T(8;14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL
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Singer’s Nodules
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333. Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice
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Paraseptal emphysema
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334. Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
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Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
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335. Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis.
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Betel nuts
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336. Associated to oral cancer.
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Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
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337. Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune diseases
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Antral (Type B) Gastritis
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338. Associated w/ Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% of duodenal ulcer
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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
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339. Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondrial Abs 340. Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)
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Acute Pancreatitis
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341. increases pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; increases serum amylase 342. Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back
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Radiating Back Pain
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343. Chronic pancreatitis
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Complete Hydatidiform Mole
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344. No embryo. Paternal derivation only. 46XX
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Partial Hydatidiform Mole
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345. Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
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Cold Nodules
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346. Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine. [Opposite: hot & do take up iodine]
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Acidophils
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347. Mammotrophs = Prolactin 348. Somatotrophs = GH
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Basophils
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349. Thyrotrophs = TSH 350. Gonadotrophs = LH 351. Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH
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Lacunar Strokes
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352. Small/focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory. 353. Sensory: lesion of thalamus 354. Motor: lesion of internal capsule
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CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
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355. decreases Glucose; increases Protein; increases Neutrophils; increases Pressure
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CSF of Viral Meningitis
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356. Normal Glucose; +/-increases Protein; increases Lymphocytes
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Marble Bone Disease
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357. Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonberd Disease = inspite of increases d bone density, many fractures = decreases osteoclasts
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C5a
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358. Involved in Chemotaxis (for Neutrophils)
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C3b
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359. Involved in Opsonization (& IgG)
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Anaphylotoxins
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360. C3a & C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)
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Vasoactive Mediators
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361. Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF 362. Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; Bradykinin; PAF 363. increases d Vascular Permeability: Hist.; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2α; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF
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Platelet Aggregation
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364. ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epinephrine; PAF
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Platelet Antagonist
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365. Prostacyclin (PGI2)
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Intrinsic Pathway
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366. F XII (Hagman): APTT
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Extrinsic Pathway
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367. F VII: PT
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Lines of Zahn
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368. Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
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Currant Jelly appearance
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369. Post mortem clots
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Emigration: Chemotaxis
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370. Margination 371. Pavementing 372. Adhesion 373. Chemotaxis 374. Phagocytosis 375. Intracellular microbial killing
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Transudate
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376. Specific gravity < 1.012 – low protein
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Exudate
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377. Specific gravity > 1.020 – high protein
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Hurler’s
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378. Lysosomal storage disease α L Iduronidase – Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
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Galactosemia
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379. Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase. increases Galactose 1 Phosphate
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Phenylketonuria
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380. Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. increases Phenyalanine & degradation products 381. Mousy body odor
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Autosomal Dominant Diseases
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382. Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease 383. Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease 384. Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) 385. Hereditary Spherocytosis 386. Huntington’s Disease (chromosome 4p) 387. Marfan’s Syndrome 388. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s) 389. Tuberous Sclerosis 390. Von Hippel Lindau Disease
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Autosomal Recessive Diseases
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391. Tay-Sachs 392. Gaucher’s 393. Niemann-Pick 394. Hurler’s 395. Von Gierke’s 396. Pompe’s 397. Cori’s 398. McArdle’s 399. Galactosemia 400. PKU 401. Alcaptonuria
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X Linked Recessive Diseases
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402. Hunter’s Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficincy, increases Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate) 403. Fabry’s Disease (α Galactosidase A deficiency, increases Ceremide Trihexoside) 404. Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 Gene on X chromosome is bad, increases Ceremide Trihexoside) 405. Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, increases Uric acid) 406. G6Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, increases Ceremide trihexoside) 407. Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficinecy, increases Ceremide Trihexoside)
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Hypersensitivity Reactions “ACID”
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408. Type I (Anaphylactic): IgE mediated. Exs: Hay Fever; Allergic asthma; Hives 409. Type II (Cytotoxic): Warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave’s Disease; Goodpastures 410. Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound aggregates of Ag-Ab complexes. Exs: Serum sickness; Arthus Reaction; Polyarteritis Nodosa; SLE; Immune Complex Mediated Glomerular Disease 411. Type IV (Delayed = Cell mediated immunity): Delayed hypersensitivity. Involves memory cells. Exs: Tuberculin reaction; Contact dermatitis; Tumor cell killing; Virally infected cell killing
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Transplant Rejections
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412. Hyperacute Rejection = occurs w/in minutes of transplant. Ab mediated. 413. Acute Rejection = occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes & macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy. 414. Chronic Rejection = occurs months to years of transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage.
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Blood Metastasis
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415. Sarcoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
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Lymph Metastasis
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416. Carcinoma, exception – renal cell CA: early venous invasion
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Aflatoxin
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417. Seen w/ Aspergillus. increases risk for Hepatocellular CA
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Cleft Lip
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418. Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
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Cleft Palate
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419. Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other & median nasal prominence & medial palatine prominence
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Craniopharyngioma
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416. Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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Inolved in Vision relay
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Medial Geniculate Body
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Involved in Hearing relay
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Lung Development
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Glandular: 5-17 fetal weeks Canalicular 13-25 fetal weeks Terminal Sac 24 weeks to birth Alveolar period birth-8yoa
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Heart’s 1st Beat
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21-22 days
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Foregut
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Mouth ‚ Common Bile Duct - supplied by Celiac Artery
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Midgut
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Duodenum, just below Common Bile Duct ‚ Splenic flexure of the Colon supplied by Superior Mesenteric artery
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Hindgut
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Splenic Flexure ‚ Butt crack ‚ supplied by Inferior Mesenteric Artery
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Hypnagogic Hallucinaitons
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Narcolepsy
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Type I Error
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α: “Convicting the innocent” – accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
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Subdural Hematoma
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Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
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Epidural Hematoma
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Ruptured middle meningeal artery “intervals of lucidness”, 2ry to Temporal bone fracture
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Type II Error
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β: “Setting the guilty free” – fail to reject the null hypotesis when it was false
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Power
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1 -β
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Sensitivity
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TP/TP + FN
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Specificity
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TN/TN + FP
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Positive Predictive Value
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TP/(TP+FP)
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Negative Predictive Value
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TN/TN + FN
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Odds Ratio
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ad/bc
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d-Dimers
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DIC
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Delusion
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Disorder of thought content
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Loose Association
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Skip from topic to topic
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5 Stages of Death
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Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance
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1st Branchial Arch
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Meckel’s cartillage – gives rise to incus/malleus bones of ear
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2nd Branchial Arch
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Reichert’s cartillage – gives rise to stapes bone of ear
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Median nerve lesion
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No pronation
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Radial nerve lesion
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Wrist drop – seen w/ humerus fracture
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Common peroneal lesion
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Foot drop. No dorsiflexion or eversion of the foot
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Diract inguinal hernia
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Goes through superficial inguinal ring. Medial to inferior epigastric artery Seen in older men
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Indirect inguinal hernia
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Goes through deep & superficial inguinal ring Lateral to inferior epigastric artery Seen in young boys – processus vaginalis did not close
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@ Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
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T8 = Inferior vena cava T10 = Esophagus/ Vagus T12 = Aorta/ Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein
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Hemiballism
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Wild flailing of 1 arm. Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
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O Linked Oligosaccharide
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In the Golgi
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N Linked Oligosaccharide
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In the RER
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MLF Syndrome
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Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye. Seen w/ MS
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ADA Deficiency
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SCID
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Raphe Nucleus
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Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
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β waves
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Alert; Awake; Active mind – also seen in REM, therefore we say “paradoxical sleep”
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Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes
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Hexokinase PhosphoFructo Kinase = Rate Limiting Step Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
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Irreversible Gluconeogenesis Enzymes
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PyruvateCarboxy Kinase PEPCarboxyKinase Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase Glucose 6 Phosphatase **muscle dose not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in the liver, kidney & GI epithelium
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Pellagra
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Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency) Hartnup’s Disease Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome INH use
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TLCFN
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Needed as co-factor for Pyruvate DH complex & α Ketoglutarate DH complex
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LCAT or PCAT
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Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase
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HMGCoA Reductase
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Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis Changes HMGCoA ‚ Mevalonate (-) by Lovastatin
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Ketogenic amino acids
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Leucine & Lysine
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Glucogenic amino acids
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Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
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Keto & Gluco amino acids
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Phenylalanine, Trytophan, Isoleucine
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Carnitine Shuttle
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Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
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Cori Cycle
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Keeps muscles working anaerobically. Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use
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(-) Na+ Pump (ATPase)
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Ouabain [(-) K+ pump] Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation] Digoxin [increases heart contractility]
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TCA Cycle Products
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“Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation” Citrate • Aconitate • Isocitrate • α Ketoglutarate • Succinyl • Succinate • Fumarate • Malate ‚OAA
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Cones
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Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity.
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Rods
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Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity. Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision.
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Gastrula
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Seen @ 3rd week: Ecto, Meso & Endo
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Epiblast
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@ 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto.
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Sydenham’s Chorea
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Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus
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(+) Frei Test
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Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
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Sabourauds Agar
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Culture for all Fungi ie…Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings
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FMR1 Gene Defect
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Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
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Barr Body
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Present in Kleinfelters: Male: XXY Not present in Turner’s: Female: XO
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Aortic Insufficiency Signs
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Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over the femoral vessels Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over coratid artery = aortic regurgitation
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Scleroderma :”CREST”
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Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
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Cretinism
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Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation Endemic: no Iodine in diet: protruding belly & belly button
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Hemochromatosis Triad
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Micronodular pigment cirrhosis; Bronze Diabetes; Skin pigmentation = due to increases Fe3+ deposition
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Fastest growing tumor
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Burkitts
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PEs
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Are found in half of all autopsies
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Courvoisiers Law
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tumors that obstruct the common bile duct cause enlarged gallbladders, but obstructing gallstones do not (too much scarring), so if you can palpate the gallbladder youe probably looking at cancer.
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Carcinomas grow without destroying the normal architecture of the lung
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Bronchioalveolar
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