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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
According to Bartolome de Las Casas: |
Spain had caused the death of millions of innocent people in the New World. |
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Around 9,000 years ago, agriculture developed in the Americas around: |
Mexico and Peru. |
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Bartolome de Las Casas argued that Indians: |
should enjoy "all guarantees of liberty and justice" as subjects of Spain. |
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Before the arrival of Columbus, Native North Americans: |
had elaborate trade networks. |
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Both the Aztec and Inca empires were: |
large, wealthy, and sophisticated. |
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Europeans - particularly the English, French, and Dutch - generally claimed North American Indian land as their own based on: |
their view that Indians did not use the land properly. |
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How did Spain justify enslaving Native Americans? |
The Spanish believed that enslavement could not liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization. |
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How did the Dutch manifest their devotion to liberty? |
They supported religious toleration in their colony. |
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In 1492, the Native American population: |
was between 2 million and 5 million in what is today the United States. |
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In 1517, the German priest ___________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption. |
Martin Luther |
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In 1519, who became the first European explorer to encounter the Aztec empire? |
Hernan Cortes |
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In Europe on the eve of colonization, one conception of freedom, called "Christian liberty": |
mingled ideas of freedom with servitude to Jesus Christ - concepts that were seen as mutually reinforcing, not contradictory. |
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In their relations with Native Americans, the Dutch: |
concentrated more on economics than religious conversion. |
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John Cabot sailed to: |
Newfoundland. |
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New France was characterized by: |
more-peaceful European-Indian relations than existed in New Spain. |
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The Black Legend described: |
Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer. |
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The city situated along the Mississippi River with between 10,000 and 30,000 residents in the year 1200 is today known as:
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Cahokia. |
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The Columbian Exchange was: |
the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World. |
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The first center of the Spanish empire in America: |
was the island of Hispaniola. |
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The first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, established in 1610, was: |
Santa Fe. |
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The French explorations of the New World: |
focused on the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Rivers. |
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The Jesuit religious order was particularly influential in: |
New France. |
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The Pueblo Indian uprising of 1680: |
helped lead to the most complete victory for Native Americans over Europeans. |
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The Pueblo Indians encountered by the Spanish in the sixteenth century: |
developed techniques to farm in desert climates. |
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The reconquista was the reconquest of Spain from the: |
Moors. |
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The repartimiento system established by the Spanish in the mid-1500s: |
recognized Indians as free but required them to perform a fixed amount of labor. |
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The ritual sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs: |
disgusted Europeans despite their own practices of publicly executing criminals and burning witches at the stake. |
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The Spanish justified their claim to land in the New World through all of the following EXCEPT: |
defeating the English fleet in 1588. |
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The transatlantic flow of people and goods such as corn, potatoes, horses, and sugarcane is called: |
the Columbian Exchange. |
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What does the seal of New Netherland, adopted by the Dutch West Indian Company in 1630, suggest is central to the colony's economic prospects? |
fur |
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What European city was known in the early seventeenth century as a haven for persecuted Protestants from all over Europe and even for Jews fleeing Spain? |
Amsterdam |
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What geographic error did Columbus make? |
He grossly underestimated the size of the earth. |
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Which European country dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century? |
the Netherlands |
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Which one of the following is true of religion in the seventeenth-century Europe? |
Religious uniformity was thought to be essential to public order. |
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Which of the following is true of agriculture in Spanish America? |
Landlords controlled haciendas, large-scale farms. |
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Which one of the following is true of Spanish emigrants to the New World? |
Many of the early arrivals came to direct Native American labor. |
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Which one of the following is true about Spanish America? |
Over time, Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture - part Spanish, part Indian, and, in some areas, part African. |
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Which of the following is true of Spain's explorations of the New World? |
Florida was the first region in the present-day United States that Spain colonized. |
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Which of the following is true of freedom in New Netherland? |
Married women retained a legal identity separate from that of their husbands. |
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Which of the following statements about the Indians of North America is FALSE? |
Indians lacked genuine religion. |
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Which one of the following statements about gender relations is FALSE for most Native American societies? |
A woman generally moved in with her husband's family. |
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Which one of the following statements about the Pueblo Revolt is FALSE? |
It was inspired by the Pope, but he died before the actual revolt took place. |
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Which one of the following statements about New Netherland is FALSE? |
Women had many liberties but could not retain their legal identity after marriage. |
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Which one of the following statements is true of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan? |
It had a complex system of canals, bridges, and dams, with the Great Temple at the center. |
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Which one of the following was NOT true of women in Native American societies? |
Women made all decisions about trade relations with other tribes. |
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Which one of the following was true of New France? |
Its population was limited at best, because France feared that a significant emigration would undermine its role as a great European power. |
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Which one of the following was true of French relations with Native Americans? |
Jesuit missionaries tried to convert Native Americans, but gave them far more independence than did Spanish missionaries. |
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Why did European exploration of the New World proceed so rapidly after Columbus's discoveries? |
Gutenberg's invention of the printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information. |
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Why did the Portuguese begin exploration to find a water route to India, China, and the East Indies? |
to eliminate the Muslim "middlemen" in the luxury goods trade |
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"Christian liberty" was the basis for religious toleration: |
FALSE |
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African society did not practice slavery before Europeans came. |
FALSE |
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Agriculture did not come to the American continents, around Mexico and Peru, until 1,000 years ago. |
FALSE |
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By 1550, the Spanish empire in the New World exceeded the ancient Roman empire in size. |
TRUE |
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Columbus established the first permanent settlement on Hispaniola in 1502. |
FALSE |
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Columbus first sailed to what is now Venezuela. |
FALSE |
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Columbus was Spanish. |
FALSE |
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Cortes conquered the capital city of the Aztec empire with an army of over 1,000 men. |
FALSE |
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Everywhere in Europe, family life depended on male dominance. |
TRUE |
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Like the Spanish, the French often intermarried with the Indians, resulting in mixed-race children. |
TRUE |
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Most, although not all, Indian societies were matrilineal. |
TRUE |
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Portuguese seafarers initially explored the African coast. |
TRUE |
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Relations between the Pueblo Indians and colonial authorities deteriorated throughout the seventeenth century. |
TRUE |
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Spain insisted that the primary goal of colonization was to save the Indians from heathenism. |
TRUE |
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The catastrophic decline in the native populations of Spanish America was mostly due to the fact that they were not immune to European diseases. |
TRUE |
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The Indians of North America believed that land was a common resource and the basis of economic life. |
TRUE |
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The Indians, although diverse, all seemed to observe religious ceremonies centered around hunting or farming. |
TRUE |
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The Spanish reconquista required that all Muslims and Jews convert to Catholicism or leave Spain immediately. |
TRUE |
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When the Edict of Nantes, which had granted religious toleration to French Protestants (Huguenots), was revoked in 1685, some 100,000 Huguenots fled France for New France. |
FALSE |