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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Transfers amino acids from the cytoplasmic pool to a growing polypeptide in a ribosome |
tRNA |
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T or f Each trna molecule doesnt translates a given mrba codon to an amino acid |
FAlse |
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The trna molecule is _______ long |
80 nucleotides |
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The trna molecule can fold into a _____ shape |
3 dimensional |
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The trna molecule is ______ shaped and shaped like the letter_____ |
Clover;L |
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Particular nucleotide triplet that base pairs to a specific mrna codon |
Anticodon |
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Attachment site for an amino acid in trna |
3' |
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Correct matching up of trna and amino acid is carried out by |
Aminoacyl trna synthases |
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How many aminoacyl trna synthases are there? |
20 for each amino acid |
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Hydrolysis of what molecule catalyzes the covalent attachement of the amino acid to the trna (energy currency of the cell) |
ATP |
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The resulting trna is called |
Charged trna |
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2 instances of the accurate translation of a genetic message |
1) trna carries the amino acid to the ribosome 2) pairing of the trna anticodon with the appropriate mrna codon |
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How many trna are there? |
45 |
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Flexibility of the base pairing at the codon position |
Wobble |
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Facilitate specific coupling og trna codons with mrna codons during protein synthesis (site of protein synthesis) |
Ribosomes |
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Ribosome consists of a |
Large and a small subunit |
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Each ribosome is made up of |
Protein and rRNA |
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Where ribosomes are manufactured |
Nucleolus |
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Completed ribosomes are exported via |
Nuclear pores |
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_____ of the ribosome is protein |
1/3 |
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T or f Eukaryotic ribosomes is smaller than prokaryotic ribosome |
False |
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Combats bacterial infections |
Tetracyclin steptomycin |
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Holds the trna carryung polypeptide chain |
Peptidyl trna binding site |
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Holds the trna carrying the next amino acid to be added |
Aminoacyl trna binding site |
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Discharged trnas leave the ribosome from here |
Exit site |
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T or false The ribosome catalyzes the peptide bond of the polypeptide |
True |
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Where the polypeptide exits from the large subunit |
Exit tunnel |
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Responsible for structure and function of ribosome |
rRNA |
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Main constituent of the a and p sites |
Rrna |
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Stages of the synthesis of polypeptide chain |
Initiation Elongation Termination |
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Energy of polypeptide formatiom is supplied by |
Guanosine triphosphate |
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The union of mRNA, initiator trna , and snall ribosomal unit attached to the large one is |
Trabslation initiation complex |
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Proteins that are required to bring the translation initiation complex together |
Initiation factors |
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How many molecules of gtp are needed to form the initiation complex? |
One |
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Polypeptide is always synthesized in one direction... from ______ end to ______ |
N terminus; c terminus |
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Amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid at the c terminus of the growing chain during what stage of the translation |
Elongation stage of translation |
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Each addition of amino acids involves the participatuon of several proteins called |
Elongation factors |
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3 step elongation cycle of translocation |
Codon recognition Peptide bond formation Translation |
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Hydrolysis of gtp increases accuracy of _____ |
Codon recognition |
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Rrna molecules of the large subunit catalyzed the ____ |
Peptide bond formation |
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Thee trna molecule is released during _____ in elongation of the translation |
Translocation |
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Energy expenditure happens during ____ and _____ in elongation of translation |
1;3 |
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Mrna is moved through the ribosome in one direction ____ first. Always______ |
5'; 5'🔜3' |
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The elongation cycle takes _____ of a second in bacteria |
1/10 |
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Final stage of translation |
Termination |
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Protein shaped like aminoacy trna synthase binds at the a site |
Release factor |
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Release factor cayses the addition of _____ molecuke instead of amino acid to the polypeptide chains |
Water |
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Breakdown of translation requires ___ molecules of gtp molecules |
2 |
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Gene determines what structure of the protein |
Primary structure (sequence of amino acids) |
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Helps the polypeptide fold correctly |
Chaperones |
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Required before the protein can begin its job in the cell |
Post-translational modifications |
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Two populations of ribosomes |
Free and bound |
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Bound ribosomes are attached to the |
Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Bound ribosomes make proteins for the _________ |
Endomembrane system |
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Targets the protein to the ER |
Signal protein |
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A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading syrand (n terminus) of the polypeptide, is recognized as it emerges from the ribosome by a protein rna complex |
Signal recognition particle |
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The growing polypeptide snakes acriss the membranr into the er lumen via a ______ |
Protein pore |
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Strings of ribosomes |
Polyribosomes/polysomes |
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Changes in the genetic information of the cell |
Mutations |
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Source of new genes |
Mutations |
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Large scale mutations |
Chromosomal rearrangements |
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Changes in single nucleotide pair of a gene |
Point mutations |
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If the mutation has an adverse effect on the phenotype of the person, the mutant condition is referred to as a ______ |
Genetic disorder or hereditary disease |
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Sickle cell disease to the mutation of a single nucleotide pair in the gene that encodes for the ________ of the hemoglobin |
Beta globin |
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Normal amino acid to abnormal amino acid of the beta globin |
Glutamine to valine |
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Type of small scale mutation in which the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides. |
Nucleotide pair substitution |
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A change in a nucleotide pair may transform one codon into another that s translated to the same amino acid |
Silent mutation |
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Substitutions that change one amino acid to the other |
Missense mutations |
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Point mutation can also chanhe a codon for an amino acid to a stop codon |
Nonsense mutation |
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Causes translatiin to be terminated prematurely |
Nonsense mutations |
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Nonsense mutations lead to ______ |
Nonfunctional proteins |
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Additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene |
Insertions and deletions |
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Alter the reading frame of the genetic message, the Triplet grouping of nucleotides on the mrna that is read during translation |
Franeshift mutation |
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Errors during dna replication or recombination can lead to |
-Nucleotide pair substitutions -Insertions -deletions -Mutations affecting longer strands of DNA |
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The incorrect base will be used as a template in the next roune of replication, resulting in a mutation this is called ______ |
Spontaneous mutation |
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Number of physical and chemical agents |
Mutagens |
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Discovered xrays causes genetic changes |
Hermann muller |
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Chemicals similar to normal Dna nucleotides but that pair incorrectly during DNA replication |
Nucleotide analogs |
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Discrete unit of inheritance that affects a phenotypic character |
Gene |
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A _____ is a region of DNA that cab be expressed to produce a final functional product that us either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule |
Gene |