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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pharmacology
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science that studies drug effects in a living system.
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Pharmacopeia
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all auth drugs in a country, contains description, recipes, strengths, standards of purity, and dosages forms.
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Drug
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any substance used in Dx, cure, Tx, or prevention of a disease or condition.
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Chemical name
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Precise description of the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure
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Generic Name
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-(Nonproprietary name)-official name, assigned by the manufacturer with the approval of the United States Adopted Name Council.
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Trade or Brand Name
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(proprietary name)-copyrighted by the individual drug company.
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Legend drug
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-(prescription drugs) requires a legal prescription
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OTC
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Non prescription drugs AKA. Are considered safe and effective drugs for self treatment by the public.
Sources of Drugs |
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Digtalis
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from foxglove
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Vincristine
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from periwinkle
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Codeine & Morphine
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from poppy
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Atropine
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from deadly nightshade
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Epinephrine
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naturally occurring catecholamine, from adrenal medulla
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Insulin
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naturally occurring hormone, from Isles of Langerhans in Pancreas
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Mineral or Mineral Products
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Iron
Iodine Epsom Salts (Magnesium Sulfate) |
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Synthetic or chemical substances
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Sodium Bicarbonate
Magnesium Hydroxide |
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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clinical pharmacy. Drugs used to prevent, treat and diagnose.
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Peak
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highest plasma concentration attained from drug dose.
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Trough
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lowest plasma concentration provided by a single drug dose.
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Orphan drugs
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medicines that have not been profitable to develop and market.
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Placebo effect
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clinical improvement in response to a placebo.
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Therapeutic Index (TI)
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A quantitative measure of the relative safety of a drug; the ratio of the lethal dose to the the effective dose.
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Controlled Substances Act
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1970 provide increased research into, and prevention of drug abuse and drug dependence
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Schedule 1
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High abuse potential no accepted medical use, i.e (heroin, marijuana, LSD, mescaline)
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Schedule 2
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High abuse potential
Accepted medical uses No rx refills allowed Must have legend affixed Morphine, codeine, meperidine, methadone, oxycodone, cocaine, amphetamines (Ritalin) |
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Schedule III
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Less abuse potential than I & II
Accepted medical uses Rx expires in 6 months No more than 5 rx refills allowed within 6 month period Tylenol # 3, Vicodan, anabolic steroids, Marinol |
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Schedule IV
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Lower abuse potential
Written or oral Rx required Diazepam, phenobarbital, flurazepam, Ambien, Ativan |
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Schedule V
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Very limited potential for dependency
Written or oral Rx required Opioid-controlled substances for diarrhea or cough, (ex..Lomotil, Robutussin AC c codeine) |
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Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938
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Mandated that all drug manufacturers must test all drugs for harmful effects and that drug labels must be accurate and complete.
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Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1952
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Distinguished more clearly between drugs that can be sold with or without a prescription and those that cannot be refilled
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Orphan Drug Act of 1983
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Provided incentives for the development of orphan drugs for treatment of rare diseases.
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Pregnancy Cat A
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No risk in first trimester
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Pregnancy Cat B
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Animal studies indicate no risk
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Pregnancy Cat C
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Animal studies indicate adverse effects
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Pregnancy Cat D
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Positive human fetal risk
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Pregnancy Cat X
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Fetal abnormalities reported (AKA Teratogens)
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Drug Development
Phase 1 |
Establish safe dose range using small group of HEALTHY persons
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Drug Development
Phase 2 |
Clinical Trials; double blind study
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Drug Development
Phase 3 |
Several sites large amount of participants
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Nuremberg Code
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Truly Voluntary
Valid Risks justified Disability will be avoided Conduct in a professional manor Subject may terminate at any point |
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Drug action results from
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a physiochemical interaction between the drug and a functionally important molecule in the body.
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3 Phases of Drug Action
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Pharmceutical phase
Pharmacokinetic phase Pharmacodynamic phase |
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Pharmacokinetic Activities
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Absorption
Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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Bioavailability
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is the % of drug to reach the systemic system.
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Absorption and variables that affect absorption
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Nature of the absorbing surface
Blood flow to the site of administration Solubility of the drug pH Drug concentration Dosage form (oral suspension most well absorbed) Intestines are Alkaline/stomach is more acidic Gastric motility and emptying time effects absorption |
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Routes of administration
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Enteral (Oral, gastric, small intestine, rectalgood vascular area for absorption fecal matter may effect absorption.
Parental-most rapid absorption SQ slower absorption IM more rapid than SQ can give higher volume of drug IV produces immediate response Pulmonary gives quick absorption and response Topical rapid absorption |
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Distribution
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Transport of a drug in body fluids from the bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action.
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Tissue binding
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may include bone fat or tissue
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Plasma protein binding
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Most common
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Most drugs bind to
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Albumin
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Blood brain barrier
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Allows distribution of fat soluble drugs to the brain and cerebral spinal fluid
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Placental barrier
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drugs can cross cause teratogen effects.
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Metabolism or Biotransformation
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Chemically inactivates a drug by converting it into a more water soluble compound, or metabolite, that can be excreted from the body
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where metabolism takes place
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Liver is where metabolism takes place..kidneys, lungs and intestional mucosa also aid in metabolism
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Only oral drugs are effected by
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hepatic first pass effect.
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Organs of excretion
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Kidneys
Intestine Lungs Sweat and salivary glands Mammary glands |
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Affinity
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Attraction of a drug to a site.
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Intrinsic Activity
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Relative ability of a drug receptor complex to produce a maxium functional response
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Agonist
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Produces an action when it binds to a receptor
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Antagonist
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Blocks an action
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Potency
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measure of a drug in the system
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Partial Agonist
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Drug binds to receptor, and there is a diminished response compared with that elicited by the agonist.
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Reactive cellular site
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drugs interact to produce a response.
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½ life
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is the time it takes for 50% of the drug concentration to be eliminated.
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Takes ? half lives to reach a steady state level in the body.
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5
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Plasma level
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Shows relationship between plasma drug concentration and the therapeutic level.
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Idiosyncracy
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Abnormal or pecular response to a drug.
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Tolerance
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A decrease physiological response to a drug.
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Tachyphylaxis
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rapidly decreasing response to to routine usage.
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Cumulative effect
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Occurs when body cant metabolize fast enough
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Drug dependence
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AKA addiction physiological or psychological
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Drug Interaction
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Effects of one drug are modified by another drug.
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