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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Statistics |
Science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing info to draw conclusions or answer questions |
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Population |
Entire group to be studied |
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Sample |
Subset of the population to be studied |
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Individual |
Person or o jet that is a member of the population being studied |
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Qualitative variables |
Describes and individual by placing into a descriptive catagory |
Nationality, gender |
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Quantitative variable |
Variables that have value or numerical measurements |
Age, measurements |
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Population data |
Data from EVERY individual of interest |
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Sample data |
Data from only some of the individuals of interest |
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Parameter |
Numerical summary of a population (quantitative) |
Population Parameter (PP) |
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Statistics |
Numerical summary of a sample (quantitative) |
Sample Statistics (SS) |
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Observational study |
Measures the response w/o attempting to influence oranipulate either the response or explanatory variable |
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Designed experiment |
When a researcher assigns the individuals in a study to a certain group, intentionally changes the value of an explanatory variable and then records the value of each response for each group |
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Observation studies can determine... |
Associations |
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Experiments can determine... |
Causation |
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Census |
List of all individuals in a population along w/ certain characteristics of each individual |
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Lurking variable |
An explanatory variable that was not considered in the experiment, but affects the value of the response variable |
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Simple random sample |
Measurement from a population is a subset of a population that is selected in such a way that every sample of size "n" from the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample |
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Systematic sampling |
# all members of population sequentially. Then starting at a random person, including every kth member |
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Cluster sampling |
Divide the population into segments/clusters. Chopse a random sample of clusters. Include EVERY member of the clusters. Generally deals with geographic locations |
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Convenience sample |
Create a sample in which the individuals are easily obtained and not based on randomness |
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Multi stage sampling |
Uses a variety of sampling methods to create, successively, smaller groups @ each stage |
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Bias |
If the results of the sample is not fully representative of the population |
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Sampling bias |
Under represent a sample -> obtain data from a population that favors one group more than the other groups |
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Non response bias |
Individuals who do not respond to surveys either cause don't care or can't get ahold of |
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Voluntary response variable |
Individuals with strong feelings about a survey topic are more willing to take a survey |
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Response bias |
When the answers/data of the survey do not reflect the true feelings of the respondent 7 reasons |
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7 reasons for response bias |
Vague wording, hidden bias/wishing of questions, ordering of questions, types of questions (open it closed end), truthfulness of responses, faulty recall, interviewer influence |
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Experiment |
A treatment is deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in response |
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Subject |
Individuals or experimental unit |
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Control group |
Does not get the treatment |
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Blinding |
Reason for placebo -> refers to non disclosure of the v treatment a subject is receiving |
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Steps 1 in designing experiment |
Identify the problem to be solved |
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Steps 2 in designing experimen |
Determine the factors that affect the response variable (ie age, health, lifestyle, etc) |
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Steps 3 in designing experimen |
Determine the # of subjects |
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Steps 4 in designing experimen |
Determine the impact/level of each factor from step 2 and make sure they are controlled |
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Steps 5 in designing experimen |
Conduct your experiment and collect data |
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Steps 6 in designing experimen |
State your conclusion, findings, and side effects |
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