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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
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anomie
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the use of sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations
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applied sociology
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sociological inquiry conducted with the objective of gaining a more profound knowledge of the social phenomena
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basic/pure sociology
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use of sociology with the specific intent of altering social relationships or restrcturing social institutions
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clinical sociology
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sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups
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conflict perspective
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vieww of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers
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dramaturgical approach
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element or prcess of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability
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dysfunction
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sociological approach that views inequality in gender as central to all behavior and organization
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feminist approach
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approach that emphasizes teh way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability
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functionalist perspective
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worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
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globalization
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construct or model for evaluating specifice cases
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ideal type
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approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole
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interactionist perspective
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an unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes
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latent function
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investigation that concentrates on largescale phenomena or entire civilizations
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macrosociology
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open, stated, and conscious function
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manifest function
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investigation taht stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means
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microsociology
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study of the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change
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natural science
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sending of messages through use of gestures, facial expressions,and postures
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nonverbal communication
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condition in society in which members of society have differening amounts of wealth, prestige, or power
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social inequality
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study of social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change
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social science
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awareness of the relationsip between an indicidual and the wider society, both today and in the past
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sociological imagination
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scientific study of social behavior and human groups
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sociology
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set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions or behavior
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theory
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understanding or insight; stress need to take into account the subjective meanings people attach to their actions
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verstehen
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described sociological thinking
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C. Wright MIlls
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studied the relationship between suicide and social factors; coined term anomie
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Emile Durkheim
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coined the term sociology, thought theoretical science of society and systematic investigation of behavior were needed to improve society
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Auguste Comte
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writings emphasized the impact that the economy, trade, law, health, and population could have on social problems; spoke for rights of women, emancipation of slaves, and religious tolerance
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Harriet Martineau
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he applied the concept of evolution to species of society in order to explain how they change, over time
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Herbert Spencer
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taught students to use verstehen; ideal type; wanted to provided a useful standard for measuring how bureaucratic an actual organization was
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Max Weber
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wrote Comunist Manifesto with Engels, believed society was divided into the exploiters and exploited, thought group associations influence individuals place in society
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Karl Marx
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his work increased understanding of groups of small size
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Charles Horton Cooley
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used intellect, social service work, and political activism to assist the underprivileged and creat a more equal society
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Jane Addams
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combined theory and research; said sociology needed to bring together the "macro-level" and the "micro-level"
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Robert Merton
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relationship between a variable and a particular consequence, with one event leading to the other
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Casual logic
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standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession
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code of ethics
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systematic coding and objective recording of data guided by some rationale
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content analysis
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subjects in experiment who are NOT introduced to independent variable
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control groups
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factor that is held constant to test the relative impact of independent variable
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control variable
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relationship between two variable; change in one does not necessarily mean a change in other (not causation)
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correlation
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table shows the relationship between 2 or more variable
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cross-tabulation
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variable in a casual relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable
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dependent variable
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study of an entire social stting through extended systematic observation
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ethnography
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subjects exposed to independent variable
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experimental group
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unintended influence that observers of experiments can have on their subjecets
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Hawthorne effect
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variable that causes or influences change in a second variable
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independent variable
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explanation of an abstract concept that is specific enough to allow a researcher to assess the concept
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operational definition
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extent to which a measure produces consistent results
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reliability
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variety of research techniques that make use of previously collected and publicly accessible information and data
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secondary analysis
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degree to which a measuer or scale truly refleects the phenomeneon under study
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validity
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Max Weber's term for objectivity of sociologists in the inerpretation of data
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value neutrality
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specialized language used by members of a group or subculture
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argot
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subcultuer that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger cultuer
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counterculture
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viewinf of people's behavior from perspective of own cultuer
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cultueral relativism
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common practice or belief found in every culture
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cultural universal
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totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
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culture
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period of maladjustment when nonmaterial cultuer is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions
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cultuer lag
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feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural pracices that are different from their own
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culture shock
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set of cultural bbeliefs and prcacticse that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
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dominant ideology
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tendency to assume that ones' own cultuer and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
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ethnocentrism
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norm governing everyay behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern
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folkway
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norm that has been written down and specifies strict punishment for violations
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formal norm
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norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded
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informal norm
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abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; gestures and other nonverbal communication
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language
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physical or technological aspects or our daily lives
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material culture
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norms deemed highly necessary to welfare of society
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mores
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ways of using materieal objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication
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nonmaterial culture
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established standard of behavior maintained by a society
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norm
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penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
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sanction
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holds that language is culturally determined; language helps shape our interpretation of reality
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differes form the pattern of the larger society
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subculture
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collective conception of what is considered good, desireable, and proper OR bad, undesireable and improper in a culture
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value
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process in chich a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships
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anticipatory socialization
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theory that children's thought progresses through four stages of development
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cognitive theory of development
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process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals
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degradation ceremony
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efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment
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face-work
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expectations regarding the proper behaviors, attitudes and activites of males and females
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gender role
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attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into accout in his or her behavior
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generalized other
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altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
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impression managemnet
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study factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death
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life course approach
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concept taht emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions
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looking-glass self
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person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior
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personality
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process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in ones' life
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resocialization
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ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another
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rite of passage
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process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint
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role taking
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lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
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socialization
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gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication
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symbol
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