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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Socialization
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- With interactions with other people that re situation specific
- To what extent are you in the culture or is the culture in you? - Double involvement of us in society - Lifelong process - 0-12 years of age |
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Agents of Socialization
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When we become parents
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Structuation Theory
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Giddens, we are both product and producer of society
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Berger
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A process by which people learn to be members of society
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Epigenesis
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DNA is ground plan for unique genetic potential
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Primary Socialization
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- From birth to adolescence
- Family most important agent - Intentional and unintentional - Largely imposed |
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Attachment
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Precursor for successful socialization, develop interpersonal and cognitive skills and sense of oneself.
- If no attachment, will try to self sooth (orphans) |
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Secure Attachment
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From birth to 1-3 years will help and nurture child
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Avoidant
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Parent who does not want to parent, present but absent.
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Anxious/Ambivalent
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Worst!
- One day parent is avoidant next day they're good - Creates confusion in child |
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Inadequate Socialization
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Can occur when people are not exposed to all experiences necessary to function in certain role
Ex: as when educational systems fail to provide sufficient job training. |
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Defective Socialization
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Happens when unintended outcomes or consequences arise.
Ex: Shooting video games provide training in murdering people |
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Disjunctive Socialization
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Occurs in ways describes by Benedict, lack of continuity.
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Benedict's Discontinuities in Socialization
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1. Western children socialized into non responsible roles.
2. Western children socialized to be submissive 3. Children shielded from sexuality |
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Anticipatory Socialization
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People project themselves into the future hope of acquiring the characteristics appropriate for institutional destination they hope to reach. (Type of self socialization).
- Arnett, Merton |
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Postfigurative
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Children learn primary from their forebears
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Cofigurative
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Both children and adults learn from their peers
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Prefigurative
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Adults also learn from their children
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Secondary Socialization
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12+ years
- Anticipate and adjust to new experiences - Reciprocal process - Based on previous experience - More choice and more limits than primary - Style you had with parents likely to be carried out by you in the |
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Mead
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Difficulties experiences when passing through adolescence "storm and stress" period.
- Conflicting standards of conduct and morality - Every individual should make their own choices belief - Not biological inevitability or "raging hormones" |
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Re-Socialization
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- "Total institutions", replace inadequate/defective roles
- Stripping, mortifying - Mostly non voluntary Ex: prison, military, rehab, etc. |
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Key Agents of Socialization
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1. Family (primary)
2. Peers 3. School (secondary) 4. Media 5. Work 6. Religion |
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Socialization Context
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Refers to social settings that affect socialization processes, thereby influencing the individuals involved.
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Peer Group
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- Develop a frame of reference not based on adult authority
- Assumes great influence in adolescence (emotional, social and economic independence develop) - Tempered by parental influence - Peer pressure - Second most influential |
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School
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- Reinforce self concept and academic self images
- Social life - Filter occupational choices (grades, sources) - Promote values and norms Teach: - Social hierarchies - rules, rights and responsibilities |
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Hidden Curriculum
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Richer
- Unspoken norms transmitted by schooling such as competition, individualism, obedience, etc. |
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Cultural Capital
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Hidden behavioural things that affect how you act in certain situations
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Media
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- Live vicariously through media
- Transmits values, behaviours and definitions of social reality - Reflects social relations (socialized audience) |
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Feminist Critique of Media
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Contributes to gender stereotyping
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Media Violence
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- Imitation
- Defining social reality as violence - Desensitizes kids to pain, creates lack of reality |
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Changes in Media Use
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- Increasing a solitary not a social activity
- Digital divide: class/educational difference in digital media use, both within and between societies. - Gender plays no difference in media use |
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Workplace
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- Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting fundamental aspect of human socialization.
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Four Phases of Socialization in Workplace
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1. Career choice
2. Anticipatory socialization (preparing for job) 3. Conditioning (learning once on the job) 4. Continuous Commitment |
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Reproduction of Gender
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- Nature vs. Nurture (both play a role to an extent)
- In infants and children, few behaviours that consistently differentiate males and female - No difference in motor ability of child - Mothers expected difference |
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Mechanisms of Gender Socialization
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1. Parental reaction to perceived innate differences
2. Differential Socialization (gendered toys, imitation of gendered behaviour in social environment, media source of stereotypes. |
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Social Reproduction of Race
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- Child rearing in ethnic/racial minority families (emphasizes racial pride, higher self esteem and greater group knowledge)
- Promotion of mistrust (to avoid discrimination) |
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Social Reproduction of Class
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Melvin Kohn
- Child rearing varies by class - Different occupational experiences - Low-tier workers: conformity, orderliness, behavioural consequences in children. - High-tier workers: more permissive, emphasis on self reliance and behavioural intentions. |
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Functionalism and Socialization
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- Process of internalizing social norms and behavioural expectations
- Conformity leading to social integration |
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Conflict and Socialization
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- Socialized by class
- Functions defend power relations in society - Coercive - Focus on reproduction, way in which society reproduce themselves in terms of privilege & status. |
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Feminism and Socialization
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- Socialization into masculine and feminine gender roles take place in family among peers, in school, workplace, media.
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Symbolic Interationism and Socialization
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- Actively participate in own socialization
- Gain a sense of self - Zucher "I am" |
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Looking Glass Self
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Cooley
- Perception of our appearance to another person, perception of his judgment of that appearance, pride or mortification. |
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Mead on "The Self"
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The "I" (Spontaneous, creative, unique self)
The "Me" (socially define self, internalized norms and values) |
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3 Stages of Development of "Self"
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Mead
1. Preparatory: mimic behaviour without understanding 2. Play: take roles of significant others (see themselves as objects) 3. Game: learning, taking role of several others at once |
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Role Taking
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Mead
- As you develop, you become more reflective - Becoming socialized is moving from the "I" to the "Me". |
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Generalized Other
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Mead
People internalize general social expectations by imagining how any number of other would react. |
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Presentation of the Self
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Goffman
- Impression management ( slanted presentation of self) - Face work ("alterity", need to maintain proper image) |
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Cognitive Theory of Development
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Piaget
1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete Operational 4. Formal Operational |
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Elements of Personality
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Freud
- The id: Basic instincts, very similar to I and Me idea - The ego: Internalized values, "It's wrong" - The superego: Socially mediates between id and superego |