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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is sociology? Describe what it is and both levels
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The scientific study of society and social interaction.
-Micro level: one on one/face to face -Macro level: massive social forces |
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What does seeing the general in the particular mean?
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Looks beyond specific events and individuals to identify social pattern
-Focus on how the behavior of particular individuals may reflect larger social patterns |
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What is terrorism? Describe what it is and the two types of terrorism (revolutionary and repressive)
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-The attempt to utilize fear or terror created by violence against civilians to achieve political ends
-Revolutionary-done by those rebelling against the social order to bring change, we observe by sex, age, ethnicity when observing this terrorism -Repressive: done by agents of the social order to repress change |
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What does seeing the strange in the familiar mean?
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The sociological perspective involves detaching oneself from familiar ways of thinking in order to gain new insights
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What did Emily Durkehim argue about suicide? Describe in depth
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Argued that suicide was not just due to psychopathologies. There are macro structural forces that contribute to suicide in which some categories of people are more likely to kill themselves than others because of location in social structure
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What is social integration?
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Level of social solidarity or the strength of ties that bond people together. how integrated are people to societal norms and values, to their families, jobs?
The level of social integration is a factor in suicide |
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What are the two types of suicide and what do they both relate to?
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Anomic and Altruistic
Both relate to levels of social integration |
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What is anomie?
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Durkheims term for a condition in which society provides relatively little moral guidance to individuals. Anomic condition increase if a society is in a rapid state of change
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Describe anomic suicide
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too much social change, lots of individualism and not enough regulations
-related to low levels of social integration due to confusion over norms and low degree of regulation of behavior |
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Describe altruistic suicide
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too much integration, honor bond, not enough individualism
-related to high levels of social solidarity, traditional conservative cultures |
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Ethnocentrism
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practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture
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Cultural relativism
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practice of judging a culture by its own standards
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Global perspective
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study of the larger world and our societys place in it
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High income countries
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highly industrialized (18% of worlds population)
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Middle income countries
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moderatly industrialized (54% of worlds population)
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Low income countries
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not yet industrialized, lots of poverty (27% of worlds population)
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Social marginality
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THE STATE OF BEING SINGLED OUT AS AN OUTSIDER AND EXCLUDED FROM SOCIAL ACTIVTIES
(minority groups singled out typically by race, sex, social class) |
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Stereotype
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simplified description applied to every person in some category
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Social structure
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any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
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Name the 3 key historical/social changes that gave rise to Sociology
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Industrial Revolution, Urbanization and political changes
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Describe how the industrial revolution gave rise to sociology
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technological changes uprooted traditional life, family as an institution wasnt the central place of production and the factory work was different
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Describe how urbanization gave rise to sociology
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technological changes promoted massive migration from small towns to cities and the cities were becoming over-crowded and polluted
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Describe how political changes gave rise to sociology
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the american revolution set in motion other political revolutions in the name of democracy and various monarchies collapsed giving rise to new governments that allowed more freedom
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What did all 3 of these events lead people to ask
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whether a new discipline could emerge to address and help understand these social changes
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Who first coined the term sociology and when did it emerge?
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Auguste Comte in the early 19th century, meaning scientifc approach to the study of society
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Comte was a positivist. What is positivism?
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A way of understanding based on science and the belief that through science one can achieve complete objectivity.
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Theory
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a statement of how and why specific facts are related
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Describe structural functionalism
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this model views society as a complex system whose parts function together to promote stability, assumes institutions are interrelated, have various functions and dysfunctions and that what holds a society together is a high degree of shared norms and values
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Who was Herbert Spencer?
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Early functionalist who saw society as a living organism consisting of various "structures" or parts, each of which has a functional significance to the overall body
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What were the 3 functions that Robert Murton developed?
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manifest functions (positive, intended), latent functions ( not intended or necessary but provided side benefits) and dysfunctions (harmful effects)
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Describe social conflict paradigm
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view of society as a complex system in which different groups with different levels of power compete over scare resources. Developed initially by Karl Marx
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Describe symbolic interactionism
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examines how people contract subjective reality to pattern their everyday social interaction with others like our parents. This interaction occurs thru the exchange of symbols like words. Through this exchange we develop our particular world views
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Describe subjective reality vs objective reality
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we respond to each other on the basis of how we interpret each other, not necessarily who we really are. Subjective is what we percieve to be true, objective is what is true independent of our perceptions
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Who greatly influenced the emergence of interactionism?
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Max Weber German
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What is verstehen?
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importance of empathy or understanding the subjective reality of others in order to understand their behavior, the need to understand a setting from the pov of the people in it
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Who is William duBois?
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saw sociology as the key to solving society's problems especially racial inequality
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Who is Harriet Martineau
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first woman sociologist, translated writing of comte from french to english, concerned about position of women in society
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Who is Jane Addams?
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sociological pioneer who helped find the Hull House, a house that provided help for immigrants
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What is science?
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a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation
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Empirical evidence
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evidence we can verify with our senses and Experience
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Operationalize a variable
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specifying exactly what will be measured to indicate a variable
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What are the 2 types of influences amongst variables?
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Independent- one that causes change
Dependent-one that is affected by the other |
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Variable
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any characteristic that can change or have different levels, rates or statuses
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Correlation
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a regular relationship b/w 2 or more variables; the beginning point in establishing causation or cause-effect relationships
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High correlation
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when great changes to the independent variable are associated with similar great changes to the dependent variable
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Low correlation
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when great changes to the independent variable are associated with only minor changes in the status of the dependent variable
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Positive correlation
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when an increase in the independent variable is associates with an increase in the dependent variable
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Negative correlation
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when an increase in the independent variable is associated with a decrease in the dependent variable
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Validity
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actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
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Reliability
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consistency in measurement
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Replication of research
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repeated research done in exactly the same way by others should yield similar results
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Quantitative data
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numerical measuremenets of peoples behavior
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Qualitative data
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researchers are interested in the perceptions of subjects (subjective reality) and how they understand their world
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Interpretive sociology
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adopts a qualtitative approach w/ emphasis on verstehen (empathy), prone to bias but yields rich insights
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Scientific sociology
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adopts a quantitative approach w/ emphasis on scientific methods, exclusion of bias and statistical measurements
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Critical sociology
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related to karl marx, qualitative method that focuses on ethical issues involving the need for social change-usually to reduce severe inequality, prone to bias but rich insights
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Spurious Correlation
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an apparent but false relationship b/w 2 or more variables that is caused by some other variable
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Use of controls
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ways of excluding the influence of outside variables so they do not influence the relationship of interest
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Name the 4 basic research methods
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the experiment, survey, observational studies and secondary data analysis
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Describe experiment
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a research method for investigating cause and effect relationships under highly controlled conditions, the purpose is to test the hypothesis
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Describe survey
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research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview-good for studying what cannot be observed directly
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What is scientific survey
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method of systematically obtaining accurate, standardized information about a population
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What is a representative sample
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individuals are selected in such a way as to accurately represent the population, must be randomly selected so that every member had an equal chance to be selected
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What is response rate
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percentage of the sample/census that agrees to participate, the higher the response rate the better
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What is a questionnaire
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series of written questions a researcher presents to a subject
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Whats the difference between detached observation and participant observation
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detached: researcher remains distant
participant: researches directly involved in the group |
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Secondary data analysis
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involves re-examining data collected by others
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What is the hawthorne effect
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a change in a subjects behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
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