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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
socialization
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the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.
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personality
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a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.
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John B. Watson
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developed a theory called behaviorism, which held that behavior is not instinctive, but learned. Rooted human behavior in nurture rather than nature.
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Harriet and Margaret Harlow
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placed rheses monkeys in various conditions of social isolation
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Sigmond Freud
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model of the personality involving the id,superego,and ego
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id
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represents human being's basic drives
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superego
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is the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual
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ego
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person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society
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Jean Piaget
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swiss psychologist who studied cognition and developed the theory of cognitive development
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sensorimotor stage
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level of human development, involving the first two years of life,in which individuals experience the world only through their senses.
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preoperational stage
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theblevel of human development,between 2 and 6,in which individuals first use language and other symbols.
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preoperational stage
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experiment with the two diffently shaped glasses in which one glass was taller and narrower than the other but with the same water amounts, in which 5 and 7 yr olds were asked which glass of water they wanted and 7 yr olds were able to think more abstactly.
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concrete operational stage
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the level of human development, between the ages of 7 and 11, in which individuals first see casual connections in there surroundings.
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concrete operational stage
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can connect the day being Wednesday to the fact that it is also his/her birthday
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formal operational stage
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the level of human development, at about age 12, in which individuals think abstractly and critically.
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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built on Piaget's theory to study moral reasoning and how people come to judge situations as right and wrong through the preconventional,conventional,and postconventional stages.
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preconventional
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young children who experience the world in terms of pain and pleasure, or what feels "right" or "good"
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conventional
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stage that appears by the teens in which young people lose their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms.
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postconventional stage
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final stage in which people move beyond their societies norms to consider abstract ethical principles
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Carol Gilligan
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developed the theory of gender and moral development in which she claimed that boys have "justice perspective",(relying on formal rules of right and wrong), and girls have a "care and responsibility perspective", (judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships and loyalties)
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George Herbert Mead
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developed the theory of social behaviorism in which he defined The Self,The Looking Glass Self, and The I and Me
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Mead's central concept of self
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the part of an individual's personality composed of self- awareness and self-image
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Looking Glass Self
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charles horton cooley's term for a self image based on how we think others see us.
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significant others
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people such as parents who have special importance for socialization
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generalized others
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refer to widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves
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Eric H. Erickson
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took a broader veiw of socialization in which he indentified challenges that individuals face from infancy to old age.
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Infancy
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Stage from birth to two years in which the challenge is trust (versus mistrust)
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Toddlerhood
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Stage up to three in which the challenge is autonomy (versus doubt and shame)
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Preschool
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Stage from five to six in which the challenge is initiative (versus guilt)
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Preadolescence
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Stage from six to thirteen in which the challenge is industriousness (versus inferiority)
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Adolescence
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Stage during the teen years in which the challenge is gaining identity (versus confusion)
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Young Adulthood
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Stage during young adulthood in which the challenge is intimacy (versus isolation)
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Middle Adulthood
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Stage in which the challenge is making a difference (versus self-absorption)
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Old Age
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Stage in which the challenge is integrity (versus despair)
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peer group
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a social group whose members have interests,social position
and age in common. Takes on great importance during adolescence |
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anticipatory socialization
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learning that helps a person achieve a desired position
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mass media
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the means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience.
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gerontocracy
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A form of a social organizationin which the elderly have the most wealth,power, and prestige
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ageism
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prejudice and discrimination against older people
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cohort
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a category of people with something in common, usually their age
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total institution
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a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff.
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resocialization
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radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment
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family
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Usually the first setting of socialization, and has the greatest impact on attitudes and behavior. Where ideas about gender are learned first.
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schools
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give most children their first experience with bureacracy and impersonal evaluation
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social interaction
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the process by which people act and react in relation to others.
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status
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a social position that a person holds
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status set
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refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time
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achieved status
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a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
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ascribed status
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a social position a person recieves at birth or takes on involuntarily later on in life
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master status
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a status that has special importance for social identity
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role
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behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
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role set
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a number of roles attached to a single status
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role conflict
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conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses
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role strain
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tension among the roles connected to a single status
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social construction of reality
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the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
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Thomas Theorem
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W I Thomas's claim that situations are defined as real as thier consequences
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ethnomethodology
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The study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
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dramaturgical analysis
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the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
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presentation of self
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a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others
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nonverbal communication
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communication using body movements,gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
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demeanor
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the way we act and carry ourselves
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Harold Garfinkel
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defined ethnomethodology(the study of the way people make sense of thier everyday surroundings)
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Erving Goffmann
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defined dramaturgical analysis
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