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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Integrationist perspective:
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behavior is a function of the interaction between the specific person and the environment
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Social Cognition –
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the study of how we perceive, remember and interpret information about ourselves and others
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Cross cultural research –
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Research deisgned to compare and contrast people of different cultures
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Multi cultural research --
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Research designed to examine racial and ethnic groups within cultures
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Hypothesis -
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a testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur
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Theory –
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an organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena
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Basic research –
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seeks to increase our understanding of human behavior often by testing hypothesis based on a theory
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Applied research
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seeks to enlarge the understanding of naturally occurring events and to find solutions to practival problems
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Conceptual variable
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-- what the researcher is “thinking” of
Prejudice, conformity, attractiveness, violence, social anxiety Rather vague and not very testable |
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Operational variable --
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the specific procedures for manipulation or measuring a conceptual variable “what the researcher is measuring”
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Construct Validity –
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the extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variables they were designed to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate
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Self reports –
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Participents introspecivly disclose their thoughts, feelings, desires and actions.
Strengths – easy and simple to quantify Weakness – biased based on indivudals current feelings, how questions are asked, and how they are worded. |
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Observations --
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researchers observing other peoples actions and measure the variables
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interrater reliability –
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the degree to which different observers agree on their observations
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subject variable –
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a variable that characterizes pre existing differences among the participants in a study
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main effect --
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a statistical term indicating the overall effect that an independent variable has on the dependent variable, ignoring all other independent variables
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interaction* --
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a statistical term indicating the change in the effect of each independent variable as a function of other independent variables
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internal validity –
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the degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables
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mundane realism
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the degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world
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meta analysis –
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a set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining he results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of partical effects
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Self concept --
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The sum total of an individuals beliefs about his or her own personal attributes
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Self schema –
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a belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self relevant information
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Affective forecasting –
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the process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events
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Self perception theory
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the theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret people gain self insight by observing their own behavior
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Facial feedback hypothesis
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the hypothesis that changes in facial expressions can lea to corresponding changes in emotion
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Overjustification effects
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the tendency for intrinstic motivation to diminmish for activies that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors
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Social comparison theory
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the theory that people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by compasising themselves to others
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Two factor theory of emotion --
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exipeirnce of emotion is based on two factors psychological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal
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Terror management theory –
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the theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem
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Self awareness theory --
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the theory that self focused attention leads people to notice self disperancies thereby, thereby motivating either an escape from self awareness or a change in behavior
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Private self concisousness--
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A personality characteristics of individuals who are introspective often attending to their own inner states
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Public self consiousness –
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a personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others
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Implicit egotism –
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a nonconsious form of self enhancement
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Self handicapping –
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behaviors designed to sabotage ones own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure
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Bask in reflected glory –
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to increase self esteem by associating with others who are successful
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Downward social comparison
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the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are
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Self presentation –
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strategies people use to shape what others think of them
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Self monitoring –
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the tendency to change behavior in response to the self presentation concerns of the situation
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Nonverbal behavior
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behavior that reveals a persons feelings without words trough facial expressions, body language and coval cues
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Attribution theory --
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a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior
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Personal attribution –
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attributions to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, personality, mood, or effort
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Situational attribution --
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attribution to factors external to an actor such as the task, other people, or luck
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Coveration principle –
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a principle of attribution theory holding that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and absent when it does not
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Availability heuristic –
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the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind
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False consesnsus effect –
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the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors
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Base rate fallacy –
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the finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates
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Counterfacual thinking –
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the tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not
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Fundamental attribution error –
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the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other peoples behavior
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Actor observer effect –
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the tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and the behavior of others to personal factors
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Belief in a just world --
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the belief that individuals get what they deserve in life an orientation that leads people to disparage victims
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Impression formation –
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the process of intergrating information about a person from a coherent impression
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Information integration theory –
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the theory that impressions are based on perceiver dispositions and weighted average of a target person’s traits
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Implidcit personality theory –
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a network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors
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Central traits –
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traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions
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Need for closure –
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the desire to reduce cognitive uncertainty which heightens the importance of first impressions
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Belief perseverance—
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the tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited
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Self fulfilling prophecy --
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the process by which ones expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations
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Social categorizations --
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the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes
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Ingroups groups
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with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity
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Outgroups –
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groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity
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Outgroup homogeneity effect
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the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups
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Entity theorists --
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people who tend to see social groups as relatively fixed, static entities and the borders between groups as relatively clear and rigid
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Incremental theorists -
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people who tend to see social groups as relatively dynamic and changeable, with less consistency within groups and more malleability between groups
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Illusory correlation –
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an oberestimate of the association between variables tat are only slightly or not at all correlated
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Contrast effect –
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the tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from expectations as being even more different than they really are
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Subliminal presentation –
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a method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them
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Superordinate goal --
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a shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups
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Realistic conflict theory –
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the theory that hostility between groups is caused bu direct competition for limited resources
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Relative deprivation --
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feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares pooly compared with others
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Ingroup favoritism --
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the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups
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Social indetity theory –
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the theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their selfesteem
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Social dominance orientation
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a desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppressions over other groups
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Sexism –
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prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender
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Social role theory –
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the theory that small gender differences are magnified in perceptiona by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women
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Racism –
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prejudice and discrimniaton based on a person’s racial background
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Modern racism --
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a subtle form of prejudice that surfaces in direct ways whenever it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize
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Contact hypothesis –
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the theory that direct contant between hostile groups will reduce under certain conditions
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