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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the self is shaped by culture: individualism v. collectivism
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- individualism: independent self- emphasis on autonomy, stable self-concept
- collectivism: interdependent self, emphasis on belonging, malleable self-concept (fit yourself to the group) |
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self-awareness and reflective thinking. born with it?
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- a psychological state in which you take yourself as an object of awareness
- NOT born with it- develops at about 18 months of age - coincides with rapid development of spindle neurons |
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private self-awareness. definition, examples, induced by?, more likely to?
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- being aware of private aspects of the self
- ex) personal attitudes, beliefs, current mood - induced by solitude, self-focus, self-reflection - when privately self-aware, more likely to act in line with our PERSONAL BELIEFS than to CONFORM to social pressures |
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public self-awareness. definition, examples, induced by?, more likely to?
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- state of being aware of public self-aspects
- ex) physical appearance, the way we talk and behave in public - induced by being watched by others, having your picture taken, looking in the mirror - greater public self-awareness can lead to greater adherence to social standards of behavior |
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self-consciousness
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- tendency toward self-awareness
- private and public self-consciousness |
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private self-consciousness. public self-consciousness
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- private- tendency to be aware of private aspects of the self
- public- tendency to be aware of publicly displayed aspects of the self - an individual can be high/low in either or both - |
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private self-consciousness effect. degree to which you:
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- are interested in understanding "what makes you tick"
- follow your own personal standards in daily decisions - ?? |
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public self-consciousness effect. degree to which you:
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- pay a lot of attention to how you look
- feel pressure to conform to thers' opinions and expectations - feel anxious when in the public spot light - ?? |
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self-concept
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- the BELIEFS by which i DEFINE my "ME" (myself as an object)
-- includes evaluations of the Self |
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self-esteem
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- a person's overall evaluation of the worth or VALUE of their SELF-CONCEPT
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schema
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- a cognitive structure that represents knowledge about some stimulus
-- built from experience -- selectively and automatically guides the processing ofnew information -- directs attention to relevant information -- provides a framework for understanding |
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self-schema
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- a cognitive structure that represents how you think about yourself in a particular domain
-- organizes your experiences in that domain -- activated by social context -- conflicting schemas are not activated simultaneously ex) a person could be very social in a social setting, but quiet in a classroom setting |
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self concept is shaped by? SF= SI, SC, S/F, OJ
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social forces
- social identity- social definition of who i am (and am not) - social comparisons- evaluations of self by comparison with others - successes and failures - other people's judgements- evaluate ourselves accordingly |
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perceived control: Locus of control- Julian Rotter, external and internal
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- external: events are governed by external forces
- internal: events are governed by my own efforts and skills |
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locus of control scale- consistent internal locus of control? situation specific?
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- 33% have an INTERNAL locus of control
- 15% have an EXTERNAL locus of control - MOST score in a middle range, suggesting locus of control may be SITUATION SPECIFIC |
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internal locus of control. reaction to: rewards and punishments, successes and failures, goal-oriented behavior, obstacles, perceive themselves as?
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- believe rewards and punishments are produced by their OWN ACTIONS
- take credit for their success and accept responsibility for failure have great incentive to engage in goal-oriented behavior if they value the potential rewards - when faced with obstacles, likely to take an active, problem-solving approach - perceive themselves as active, powerful, independent and effective |
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external locus of control. reaction to: rewards and punishments, successes and failures, goal-oriented behavior, obstacles, perceive themselves as?
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- believe that the rewards and punishments they receive occur independently of whatever they do and thus have a SENSE OF HELPLESSNESS
- believe their successes and failures in life are due to luck, chance, fate, social forces, or powerful others - neither take credit for the successes nor accept blame for their failures - feel that goal oriented behavior is hopeless/ineffective even if they value the potential reward - perceive themselves as relatively powerless, dependent, and ineffective - even when life is good to them, approach tasks in a passive, helpless, fatalistic manner |
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self-efficacy. Albert Bandura
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- perceived ability to carry out a desired action
-- beliefs about ability to produce effects on the environment -- ability to accomplish specific tasks or meet specific challenges - it is not enough to know what needs to be done, one must be confident in their ability to control challenging environmental demands by taking adaptive action - |
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factors affecting self-efficacy: E, M
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- experience- most important factor- success raises SE, failure lowers it
- modeling (vicarious experience)- perceiving a models success increases, perceiving failure decreases, most powerful when model if perceived as similar |
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factors affecting self-efficacy: SP, P
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- social persuasions (weaker factor)- encouragement and discouragement
-- its easier to decrease SE than increase it - physiological factors (weakest factor)- perception of bodily signs of stress decreases SE in those with already low SE, those with high SE interpret these signs as unrelated to ability |
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high self-efficacy
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- less anxious and depressed
- greater academic success - better health - increased productivity at work - more persistent at tasks |
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effects of self-efficacy
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- task engagement- people generally avoid tasks where their self-efficacy is low, but engage in tasks where their self-efficacy is high
- accuracy of self-efficacy -- SE significantly higher than actual ability can lead to overestimation of ability to complete tasks -- SE significantly lower than actual ability reduces growth and expansion of skills - attributions of failure -- high self-efficacy= attribute failure to insufficient effort> try harder -- low self-efficacy= attribute failures to low ability> lowers self-efficacy more (so level of self-efficacy tends to be self-perpetuating) |
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self-efficacy and locus of control
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-internal locus of control= either negative or positive expectancies- "i will succeed/fail because i do/dont have what it takes to succeed"
- external locus of control= less relevant efficacy expectancies- what i do doesn't matter, so my efficacy is irrelevant (unless the efficacy of others influences me ex) good doctor>get well) |
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learned helplessness
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- tendency to feel helpless in the face of events we cannot control
-- external locus of control- despite efforts, cant control environment - explanatory style: permanent, personal, and pervasive |
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self-esteem
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- evaluation of self-concept; overall evaluation of self-worth
* widely viewed as a core need for happiness/ life satisfaction * more recently it is suggested that too high of self-esteem can be harmful |