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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Breaking and Entering Vs. Fraud
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Fraud almost certainly cost society more than breaking and entering does. Prison sentences are nearly twice as likely to happen in breaking and entering than in Frauds.
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Criminal Profiles: How do sociologists explain the disproportionally high arrest, conviction, and incarceration rates of african americans?
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1. Bias in the way crime statistics are collected, 2. disproportionate number of African Americans within low economic class strata, and 3. racial discrimination in the criminal justice system
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Social Stratification
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The way society is organized in layers or strata
(Wealth is what you own; income is what you earn in a given period) |
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Is stratification inevitable?
(Conflict and Functionalist theorists) |
CT: class and class consciousness (is not)
FT: Functionalists Theory of Stratification |
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Marx
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Social stratification and class conflict are not inevitable in marx's view.
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Capitalist Growth (marx)
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will produce a society without class conflict (Bourgeoisie "boss" and proletariat "working")
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Class (Marx)
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determined by one's relationship to the means of production
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Structural Functionalist Theory of Stratification
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asserts the inevitability of social stratification; some jobs are more important than others (judge vs. janitor)
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Why is social stratification necessary?
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the prospect of high rewards motivates people to undergo the sacrifices needed to obtain a higher education
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What are the limits of Structural functionalist theory of stratification?
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ignore the pool of talent lying undiscovered because of inequality
fails to examine how advantages are passed from generation to generation all jobs are important |
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Structural Functionalism
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human behavior is governed by social structures
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Conflict Theory
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patterns of inequality produce social change
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Symbolic Interactionism
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explanations of social behavior require understanding subjective meanings
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Feminist theory
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focuses on various aspects of patriarchy or the system of male domination in society
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Position in Society
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more than the unfolding of person's innate characteristics and the development of cognitive and moral skills is also shaped by the structure of ones society and ones position in it (agents of socialization)
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Structural Functionalists Theorists
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Robert Merton (proproposed that social structures may have different consequences for different groups)
Social structures may be disruptive or dysfunctional Some functions are manifest and others are latent |
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Sociology
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the systematic study of human behavior is social contexts (challenges assumptions and broadens horizons)
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Social Structures
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stable patters of social relations (micro, meso, macro, global)
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Sociological Imagination
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the ability to see the connection between personal troubles and social issues (or social structures)
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Structural Functionalism
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human behavior is governed by social structures (macro)
Émile Durkheim , Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton |
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Conflict Theory
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Patterns of inequality produce social change (macro)
Karl Marx, W.E.B DuBois, C. Wright Mills |
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Explanations of social behavior require understanding subjective meanings. (micro)
Max Weber, George Herbert Mead, Charles Horton Cooley, Erving Goffman |
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Feminist Theory
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Focuses on various aspects of patriarchy or the system of male domination in society. (micro/ macro)
Harriet Martineau, Jane Addams |
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Socialization
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the process by which people learn their culture
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Role
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the behavior expected of a person occupying a particular position in society
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Theories of Childhood Socialization
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Sigmund Freud: Id, Superego, Ego
Charles Horton Cooley: Looking-glass self George Herbert Mead: Role of Taking (Four stages of Development of the Self) |
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Agents of Socialization
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Families (primary) Schools, Peer Groups, and the Mass Media (secondary)
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Thomas Theorem
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"Situations we define as real become real in their consequences."
(race, hierarchy, genetic differences) |
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Total Institution
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Stripping someones identity by imprisonment
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Dramaturgical Analysis Role-Playing
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we are constantly engaged in role-playing and change depending on the situation
"front stage" in public environments; "backstage" our "true" selves |
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Deviance
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relative actions that are not part of a norm resulting in sanctions from others
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Crime
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relative deviant actions that go against laws and results in punishment
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Sanctions
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actions indicating disapproval of deviance (informal/formal punishments)
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Informal Punishment
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Stigmatization is the negative evaluation of a group of people because of a marker that distinguishes them from others
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Formal Punishment
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judicial systems penalizes someone for breaking the law (jail, ticket, etc)
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Moral Panic
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growing fears that a deviance will constitute a serious threat to society's well-being
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What are the two types of crimes?
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white-collar crimes and street crimes
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White-collar crimes
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Embezzlement, false advertising, tax evasion, insider stock trading
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Street Crimes
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Arson, burglary, robbery, assault
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