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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Common Stock |
is issued by CORPORATIONS to raise capital.
People who have that stock are called shareholders. Shareholders own pieces of the company. |
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Equity
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Means ownership
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Why do investors by common stock?
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- To make a profit!
- 2 ways to make this profit. -Dividends -Capital Gains |
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Dividends
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A company never HAS TO pay dividends to their shareholders. It's the company's choice.
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Capital Gain
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A capital gain occurs when you buy a stock for an amount less than you sell it for.
A capital loss is also an outcome... |
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Risk and Reward Potential
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When you buy a common stock on the open market, there is no limit how high a stock price could go.
You loss potential is limited. You can not lose more than you invested. |
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Shareholders Have Rights:
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- Receive a stock cert. which will be issued in firm name or investor.
Registered form - Registered in shareholder's name. Street name "Firm name" - security registered on issuer's books in name of broker-dealer holding the stock. ALL SECURITIES PURCHASED ON MARGIN MUST BE HELD IN STREET NAME - Inspect certain corporate books of the corporation - Right to receive dividends as declared by board of directors. --> Dividends are optional for the corporation to issue and are at the discretion of the Board of Directors. ---> Dividends are paid quarterly. ----> Common stock is NEVER referred to as fixed income. - Right to your proportionate share of the company's assets if the company goes out of business. - Right to vote |
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The Order of Asset Distribution
(LIQUIDATION) |
1) Taxes
2) Secured Debt (generally bond backed by assets) 3) Unsecured debt (debtentures, general creditors) 4) Preferred stockholders 5) Common Stock holders |
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Common Stockholders are always the last to be ________. This is why they are considered to be the ________ securities (LIQUIDATION POINT OF VIEW).
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PAID
RISKIEST |
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Common Stock Voting
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You can vote
- in person or - by proxy (absentee) |
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REGULAR / STATUTORY VOTING
CUMULATIVE / BLOCK VOTING |
The method of voting is chosen by the COMPANY.
Regular / Statutory Voting (MOST COMMON) - stockholders receive one vote per share per director and is most beneficial to substantial stockholders. Cumulative / Block Voting - stockholders receive one vote per share times the number of directors being voted on. Most beneficial to minority stockholders. |
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6. Another right of the shareholder
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The right to sell their shares.
IF there is a buyer available! |
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Rights that common shareholders DO NOT HAVE
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1. Are not entitled to receive dividends. Only the board of directors has the ability to make dividends happen.
2. Do not have the right to vote that the company dissolves 3. Do not have the right to vote for officers or management. - You do have the right to elect the board of directors |
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Common stock has HISTORICALLY...
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Always best hedge against inflation. Responds with the highest return during inflation periods.
Had the greatest potential for long - term capital appreciation. |
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General information regarding common stock that is negative for the holder and the economy overall
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- Higher Taxes
- Rising interest rates - Decreases in Gross Domestic Product - High unemployment |
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General information regarding common stock that is positive for the holder and economy overall
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Lower taxes |
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Stages of Common Stock
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1) Authorize stock - maximum number of shares a corporate may issue. They often authorize several million more than they need for later use.
2) Issued stock - the amount of the stock that is sold to the public. PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION - The first distribution - first holders of the stock. 3) Treasury stock - later down the road the company may buy back some of their own stock. This is called treasury stock. Treasury stock just sits there. It does not vote, receive dividends, and it is not used in calculating the EPS of the corporation. It will appear on the balance sheet as a footnote. |
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Treasury Securities
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Debt securities issued by the federal government. COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM TREASURY STOCK.
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Reasons a Company Would Repurchase its Own Stock
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1) Increase EPS
2) Finance future acquistions (TAKEOVER) 3) Provide stock for stock option plans 4) Fight a takeover attempt ****Required to notify the SEC if company buys back their own stock. |
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EPS
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Net Earnings
______________ (Issued Stock - Treasury Stock) |
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OUTSTANDING SHARES
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Issued Stock - Treasury Stock
The only shares that vote Only shares that get dividends Only shares used to calculate Earnings Per Share. |
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Long Position
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When an investor buys and owns any security, he has a long position.
When you think stock prices are going to go up, you buy a stock and hold a long position. Thinking the price will go up is known as "BULLISH" |
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Short Position
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When an investor borrows and sells any security, he has a short position. He is gambling that the market price would go down. He is referred to as "BEARISH"
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Covering
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When you pay back a short position of stock.
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A Point (Common Stock)
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= $1.00
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Trade Date
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The date on which a buy or sell order is executed.
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Regular Way Settlement Date
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T + 3 (business days)
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REG T
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Regulation T settlement. (T+5)
(business days) Reg T applies to all securities |
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Blue Chip Stock
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Stock issued by a company that is nationally well known for good quality management, products, services
Blue chips pay dividends in good and bad times. Blue chips often maintain a 50% payout ratio which means it pays out half of whaterver their earnings are. |
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Growth Stock
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Stock issued by a company that is expected to have above-average increases in revenues and earnings.
- Have a high percentage of retained earnings, therefor - pay little or no dividend, resulting in a low dividend yield - Generally have a high price/earnings ratio - Stock price may fluctuate widely and be volatile |
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Cyclical Stock
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Stock price rises and falls with the economy
A) Auto Manufacturers B) Steel Companies C) Appliances D) Housing E) Paper Companies |
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Countercyclical Stock
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Opposite direction of the economy
A) Gold and Silver B) Budget Retailers C) Temp Agencies |
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Defensive Stock
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"TUF D"
Resistant to economical changes - Tobacco - Utilities - Food Companies - Drug Companies Defensive Stock does not include steel companies |
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Utitility Stock
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Electricity, Gas, Water.
A) Generally offer above average dividend yields B) Less capital gain opportunity C) Highly leveraged - lot of debt. Can do this because customers can't do without them. D) Changes in interest rates will have more of an effect on utility stocks because of the high leverage |
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Special Situations |
Stocks that are undervalued and whose price can increase in value suddenly due to a number of reasons
- New (better) Management - Introduction of a POPULAR new product - Discovery of a natural resource on corporate property - Big strike oil find on bowling ball company property |
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Current Yield on Common Stock
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Yield - what you put in your pocket
Annual Dividend --------------------------- Market Price also referred to as "yield" |
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DPS - Dividends Per Share
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Dividends Paid
_______________ Outstanding Common Shares |
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Dividend Payout Ratio
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DPS
------- EPS Measurement of what percentage of a company's earnings (net income) it pays out to its shareholders. |
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Dividend Pay out Ratio |
Blue Chip - General PayOut percentage.
Blue Chip 50% Divend Payout/ Ratio and 50% Retained Earnings Growth Stocks <25% divned payout ratio / >75% Retained Earnings Utilities - >75% dividend Payout ratio / <25% Retained Earnings |
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Retained Earnings
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Net Income - Dividends Paid
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Stock Split
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A company splits its stock because it Increases marketability by reducing the market price of the stock
2) Upon a stock split, an investor will receive a new cert for the NEW stock 3) Par value decreases proportiantely to the split. A par value of $10.00 would go to $5.00 in a 2:1 split. |
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Reverse Split
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Pushing the market price up artificially so it is more attractive. A reverse split can be a sign of trouble for company
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Ratio for regular and reverse splits
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New : OLD
Colon is "for" Ex. Regular Split - 3:2 Three new shares for every two old shares |
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Equity Security Derivative
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Security that derives its value from the performance of COMMON STOCK
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Warrants / Subscription (WTS)
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Allows the holder to acquire additional shares of common stock.
It's long term, sometimes even lasting forever. Warrants are frequently traded separately from the security to which they were attached when they were issued Market premium = difference between exercise price of the warrant and market price. At the time of issue, warrants exercise price will be below current market price. Meaning they have no intrinsic value at the time of issue. They may be valuable down the road. Most often issued with DEBENTURES Warrants are used as a sweetner. Issuer voluntary issues warrants. Exercising the warrants will cause dilution of the earnings per share Warrants are sometimes given to underwriters as compensation. DIVIDENDS ARE NEVER PAID ON WARRANTS. |
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Rights (RTS) / Preemptive Rights/ Subscription Rights
(ALL WORDS MEAN THE SAME THING) |
Rights are a SHORT - TERM PRIVILEGE GRANTED TO EXISTING SHAREHOLDERS. A RIGHT GIVES THEM AN OPPORTUNITY TO SUBSCRIBE TO NEWLY ISSUED SHARES AT A PRICE LOWER THAN THE PUBLIC OFFERING _BEFORE_ THE GENERAL PUBLIC IS ALLOWED TO PURCHASE NEW SHARES
Allows the holder to acquire additional shares of common stock. Rights are always a have to. A company is obligated to offer rights if its in their charter. If a company wants to raise money by issuing more common stock, they must first offer shares to EXISTING shareholders. To do so, they will issue one right for each outstanding share of common stock. Shareholders will have to decided among: 1)subscribing to (purchase) additional shares of the stock. You would go through a transfer agent for this. You will need money from your own pocket. 2)Sell the rights to another investor 3)Let the rights expire - sometimes the commission to execute or sell the rights outweighs the profit you get. **SHAREHOLDERS MAY NOT REDEEM RIGHTS FOR CASH WITH THE CORPORATION OR THE TRANSFER AGENT. YOU MUST SELL THEM TO AN INVESTOR OR SUBSCRIBE AND SELL THE UNDERLYING COMMON STOCK RIGHTS GENERALLY HAVE A MAXIMUM MATURITY OF 90 DAYS Existing Shareholders who excersise their rights will MAINTAIN their proportionate ownership within the corporation. Existing shareholders who don't exercise their rights will lose proportianate ownership of the corporation. |
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Preemptive Rights Clause
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This is the clause that sets the requirement for issuing rights in a company's charter.
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Rights Offering |
The distribution of subscription rights to the existing common shareholders
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Calculating the number of rights required to buy one new share of stock
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Outstanding Shares
----------------------------- = New Shares # of rights needed to purchase each new share. |
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Preferred Stock
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Another class of stock a corporation can use.
"Preferred" because it has priority over common stock in receiving dividends and asset distribution during liquidation. PREFERRED STOCK IS A FIXED INCOME SECURITY - SET INTEREST RATE - Equity security ALL FIXED INCOME SECURITIES ARE MUCH MORE SENSITIVE TO CHANGES IN INTEREST RATES THAN COMMON STOCK. FIXED INCOME PRICES HAVE INVERSE REACTIONS TO INTEREST RATES INTEREST RATES UP - FIXED INCOME PRICES DWN INTEREST RATES DOWN - FIXED INCOME PRICES UP Pays a dividend that is stated as a % of par ($100) or in a fixed dollar amount. Newer preferred stocks sometimes have a par value of $25.00 Sometimes preferred stock pays a variable dividend - if interest rates go up - your interest rate will go up a bit, and vice versa. No preemptive rights or voting stock. Preferred stock is generally less volatile than common stock. Preferred stock has less potential for market appreciation than common stock. |
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Preferred Stock Customizations
(Preferred stock could, but don't need to, have these qualities) |
Cumulative - all dividends in arrears must be paid before common stockholders are paid a dividend. (If company doesn't have money for a dividend - they have to make it up before giving common stockholders dividends. Most preferred stock is cumulative
Convertible - may be converted into common stock. MARKET PRICE OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED FLUCTUATES MORE THAN OTHER PREFERRED STOCK EVEN WITH STABLE INTEREST RATES ALL Convertible securities try to maintain equal value with the underlying common stock. (PARITY) Convertible tries to "tag" (follow suit) with common stock. Conversion increases number of common stock shares and dilutes the earnings per share Participating - You're going to get your stated dividend, and you could possibly get more if the company does really well. Callable - may be redeemed (called) by the issuer at a set premium over the par value after a specific date. Most preferred stock is callable. Cumulative, convertible, and participating favor the investor. Callable favors the issuer. |
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Dividends Are Paid In...
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1) Cash (most common)
2) Company's own stock - (stock dividend) usually paid by a company that has a small cash balance 3) Other stock that the corporation owns 4) Treasury Stock 5) Product that they manufacture. |
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Dividends are Paid On
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1) Common Stock
2) Preferred Stock 3) Mutual Fund Shares 4) ADR's (American Depository Receipts) - FOREIGN SECURITIES |
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ADR (American Depository Receipts)
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An American bank in the foreign country holds these securities and sells the receipts (proof that you hold them) to Americans here in the US.
ADR's don't have voting privileges ADR's dividends are paid in US Dollars ADR's Yes on dividends No on voting |
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Dividend Key Info
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Corporations are not required to pay dividends to COMMON STOCKHOLDERS
A dividend must be declared by a board of directors before common stockholders are legally entitled to it. Dividends are fully taxable at all levels. ********The date a corporation declares a dividend is the date it becomes a current liability of the corporation.******** Dividends - are paid quarterly but generally QUOTED AS ANNUAL RATES. Investors who are long the stock are entitled to dividends and splits...... Investors who are short the stock owe dividends and owe splits. The amount of the dividends significantly affect and determine a stock's market price. |
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Dates Relating to Dividends
(DERP) |
Declaration Date
Ex-Dividend Date Record Date Payable Date |
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Declaration Date
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The date on which a dividend is declared by the board of directors
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Ex-Dividend Date |
The date the stock begins to trade without the dividend. It is the second business day before the record date
Ex date is only date set by regulators. It always 2 days before record date. Exception - cash transactions are the business day after the record date |
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Record Date
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The date on which the corporation closes the updating of the stock record book. People whose name appears on the book as of this date will be sent the dividend check (correct or incorrect)
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Payable Date
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The date that the dividend is actually paid (and removed from a corporations liabilities)
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Due Bill
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A report of money that is owed. They are used between broker/dealers to adjust for incorrect dividend payments.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts
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REITs are REITS.. they are their own entity.
Companies that manage a portfolio of real estate to earn profits for their shareholders. When you buy a share of a REIT you're buying a small piece of all the real estate the company holds. REITS are generally formed to invest in commercial real estate - or renting residential. A REIT may: Invest in long - term mortgages Own real property Make short-term real estate construction and development loans. INVEST IN OTHER REITs Three types of REITs Equity, Mortgage, Hybrid |
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Equity REITs
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Hold an equity position in the real estate. Actually buy the property.
Shareholders receive income from rents receive and capital gains when property is sold at property. Capital losses are not passed onto investors. |
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Mortgage REITs
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Mortgage REITs lend money to building developers
and pass the interest income on to shareholders They are generally highly-leveraged |
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Hybrid REITs
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Hybrid REITs - combination of both Equity and Mortgage REITs.
Some equity positions in the real estate and some lending. |
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Common Facts of a REIT
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1. A REIT must pay out at least 90% of earnings and must have at least 75% of assets in real estate activities.
2. REITs can provide investors with income, diversification, growth, and professional management. 3. Considered to be an income EQUITY security. - Investors are generally seeking income and capital appreciation, but not write offs. 4. REITs do not provide depreciation write-offs.. LOSSES ARE NOT PASSED THROUGH TO INVESTORS. |
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Advantages of Investing in REITs:
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1) Appreciation in property values
2) Dividend income to investors 3) Liquidity - it's common stock and can sell their shares. 4) An increased demand for real estate |
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More REITS
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REITs have a low correlation to other financial assets because real estate investments react inversely to stocks and bonds
Anyone can invest in a REITs - No specific tax bracket is needed. No minimum investment requirements Some REITs are traded OTC, others are traded on the exchanges. IF A REIT IS PUBLICALLY TRADED, IT MUST BE REGISTERED WITH THE SEC REITs are not -Redeemable -not investment companies -not regulated under -Investment Company Act of 1940 -Not a direct participation program |
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Limited Partnership (other name)
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Direct participation program
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