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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
FLUTD is a common cause of? |
-- morbidity -- 4-10% of all feline admissions -- common reason for euthanasia |
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Etiologies of FLUTD? |
-- idiopathic -- urolithiasis + ureteral plugs -- infectious -- bacterial, viral, mycoplasma -- neoplasia -- anatomic abnormalities, urethral stricture, bladder diverticulum |
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____ _____ are the same for all causes of lower urinary tract inflammation in all species. |
-- clinical signs are the same |
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Clinical signs of FLUTD? |
-- hematuria -- dysuria -- pollakiuria -- stranguria |
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Most common causes of FLUTD? |
-- idiopathic (63%) -- stones |
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Least common causes of FLUTD? |
-- infection & neoplasi (3.3%) |
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Infection is a reasonable diagnosis in? |
-- older cats >> culture it! |
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Three populations of cats with hematuria? |
-- hematuria + obstruction >> emergency -- hematuria + dysuria (no obstruction) -- hematuria + inappropriate urination |
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Etiology of hematuria with inappropriate urination? |
-- behavior problem -- idiopathic -- stones -- infection |
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Diagnostic tests for hematuria with inappropriate urination? |
-- behavior consultation -- urinalysis -- radiographs/ultrasound -- culture -- contrast studies -- chemistry |
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Management of hematuria with inappropriate urination? |
-- avoid stress -- environmental enrichment -- private/silent/clean litterboxes(n+1) -- resting areas -- social contact -- drugs: fluoxetine, Feliway |
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Etiology of hematuria + dysuria (no obstruction)? |
-- idiopathic (young cats) -- stones -- infection (old cats) |
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Laboratory tests for hematuria + dysuria? |
-- urinalysis: pyuria, hematuria, +/- bacteriuria -- radiographs (20% cats have stones) -- ultrasound -- culture -- contrast radiographs |
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__% of stones in cats are radiopaque. |
-- 90% |
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UTIs are more common in cats with? |
-- uroliths -- older cats -- renal failure |
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Most common uroliths in cats? Nephroliths? |
-- >90% struvite or oxalate stones -- 90% oxalate stones in kidneys |
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___% of LUT disease cases in cats have stones. |
-- 20% of LUT |
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Urolithiasis is increased in CKD. T/F? |
-- true! |
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Urolithiasis: stone type changes with age? |
-- young cats have struvite stones -- old cats have oxalate stones |
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Struvite stones are ____% sterile. |
-- 95% sterile -- 40-50% of total uroliths are struvite |
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Treatment of struvite stones? |
-- medical dissolution (adults) -- surgery |
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Diets that promote dissolution of struvite stones? How long does it take? |
-- Hills c/d multicare -- Royal Canin SO and Diet Dissolution -- Purina UR St/Ox -- should eliminate stones by 4 wks (6 wks max) -- let cat choose, stick with it! |
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Prevention of struvite stones in cats? |
-- acidifying diet: keep pH 6.1- 6.5 -- measure pH after meal (alkaline tide) |
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Hypercalcemic cats are more likely to have what kind of stones? |
-- oxalate stones |
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Oxalate stones are ___-___% of total uroliths. Most cats with oxalate stones are > __y. Slightly more common in ____ cats. |
-- 40-50% of total -- >2y (97%) -- slightly more common in male cats |
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Cat breeds predisposed to oxalate stones? |
-- Himalayan, Persian, Ragdoll, Burmese |
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Treatment of oxalate stones in cats? |
-- correct hypercalcemia -- can prevent recurrence -- can't dissolve existing stones |
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Prevention of oxalate stones in cats? |
-- urine pH 7.0 - 7.5 -- urinary diet for oxalate stone prevention -- potassium citrate |
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Diets for prevention of oxalate stones in cats? |
-- Hill's C/D multicare -- Royal Canin Urinary SO -- Iams Urinary Moderate pH/O -- Purina UR St/Ox |
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Which breeds are predisposed to get stones with CRF? |
Siamese, Persian, Burmese, Himalayan |
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Why are stones important in tx of CRF? |
-- important cause of decompensation in CRF patients -- can cause uremic crisis with acute obstruction -- chronic intermittent obstruction can cause progression of renal disease |
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What is idiopathic cystitis? |
-- lower urinary tract inflammation of unknown origin |
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Common signalment of cats with idiopathic cystitis? |
-- indoor, obese, young (2-6 y) cats -- spring and winter |
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Clinical signs/findings with idiopathic cystitis? |
-- urinalysis: hematuria, pyuria -- struvite crystals -- usually acidic -- negative culture -- normal radiographs |
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Idiopathic cystitis is a diagnosis of? |
-- exclusion |
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Predisposing factors for idopathic cystitis? |
-- dec. urine volume >> dry food >> dec. drinking -- dec. voiding frequency >> litter box avoidance >> dec. activity (obesity, confinement, castration) -- stress |
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Treatment of idiopathic cystitis? |
-- self-limiting -- rule out other causes! -- client education (patience) -- manage signs -- do no harm |
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If a cat is >8yo, it is unlikely to have idiopathic cystitis. T/F? |
-- true |
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Management of idiopathic cystitis? |
-- pain meds (butorphanol) -- subcutaneous fluids >> dilute urine, inc. production |
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Crystalluria: you should look for a cause when? |
-- cystine -- ammonium urate -- xanthine |
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Repeated episodes of idiopathic cystitis? |
-- increase water consumption >> SG < 1.030 (important to monitor) >> canned food >> water available everywhere -- decrease stress >> inc. # litter boxes, clean them -- drugs >> anti-anxiety, pain, anti-inflammatory (e.g. amitriptyline) |
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Likely not idiopathic cystitis if? |
-- old cat -- first crisis > 7 years -- clinical signs last more than one week |