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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the orbit |
contains the eyeball. cavity is lined with fatty tissue that cushions the eyeball and has several openings through which blood vessels and nerves pass. |
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the muscles of the eye |
six short muscles provide support and rotary movement of the eyeball. |
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the eyelids |
protect the eyeballs from intense light, foreign particles, and impact. |
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the conjunctiva |
acts as a protective covering for the exposed surface of the eyeball. |
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the lacrimal apparatus |
produces, stores, and removes tears that cleanse and lubricate the eye. |
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the eyeball |
the organ of vision |
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sclera |
the outer layer known as the "white" of the eye consists of the cornea, which bends light rays and helps to focus them on the surface of the retina |
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choroid |
pigmented vascular membrane that prevents internal reflection of light |
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ciliary body |
smooth muscle forming a part of the ciliary body that governs the convexity of the lens. the ciliary body secretes nutrient fluids that nourish the cornea, the lens, and surrounding tissues. |
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iris |
colored membrane attached to the ciliary body. it has a circular opening in its center, the pupil, and two muscles that contract to regulate the amount of light admitted by the pupil. |
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retina |
innermost layer. contains photoreceptive cells that translate light waves focused on its surface into nerve impulses. |
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the lens |
sharpens the focus of light on the retina (accommodation) |
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eyelids |
protect from intense light, foreign particles, and impact. known as superior and inferior palpebrae, those movable "curtains" join to form a canthus or angle at either corner of the eye. |
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palpebral fissure |
the slit between the eyelids, through which light reaches the inner eye. the outer edges of the eyelids contain eyelashes and sebaceous glands, which secrete an oily substance onto the eyelids |
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nasolacrimal duct |
the passageway draining lacrimal fluid into the nose. the upper portion of this duct is known as the lacrimal sac. |
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rods and cones |
the photosensitive cells of the retina |
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macula lutea |
most of the approximately 6 million cone cells, grouped into a small area. |
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fovea centralis |
a small depression in the center of the macula lutea, containing only cone cells, which is the central focusing point within the eye. |
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rhodopsin |
a pigment necessary for night vision. |
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optic disk |
the point at which nerve fibers converge to form the optic nerve. |
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accommodation |
the process whereby the eyes make adjustments for seeing objects at various distances |
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amblyopia |
dullness of vision |
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anisocoria |
a condition in which the pupils are unequal |
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aphakia |
a condition in which the crystalline lens is absent |
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astigmatism |
a defect in the refractive powers of the eye in which a ray of light is not focused on the retina but is spread over an area |
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bifocal |
pertaining to having two foci, as in bifocal glasses |
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blepharitis |
inflammation of the edges of the eyelids |
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blepharoptosis |
a drooping of the upper eyelid(s) |
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cataract |
an opacity of the crystalline lends or its capsule; most often occurs in adults past middle age. |
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chalazion |
a small, hard, painless cyst of a meibomian gland (one of the sebaceous gland follicles of the eyelids) |
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choroiditis |
inflammation of the vascular coat of the eye |
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conjunctivitis |
inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by allergy, trauma, chemical injury, bacterial, viral, or rickettsial infection. the type called "pinkeye" is infectious and contagious. |
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corneal |
pertaining to the cornea |
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corneal transplant |
the surgical process of transferring the cornea from a donor to a patient |
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cryosurgery |
a type of surgery that uses extreme cold for destruction of tissue or for production of well-demarcated areas of cell injury; may be used in the removal of cataracts and in the repair of retinal detachment. |
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cycloplegia |
paralysis of the ciliary muscle |
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dacryoma |
a tumor-like swelling caused by obstruction of the tear duct(s) |
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diplopia |
double vision |
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electroretinogram |
a record of the electrical response of the retina to light stimulation |
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emmetropia |
normal or perfect vision |
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entropion |
the turning inward of the margin of the lower eyelid |
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enucleation |
a process of removing an entire part or mass without rupture, as the eyeball from its orbit. |
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estropia |
a condition in which the eye or eyes turn inward; crossed eyes. |
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exotropia |
the turning outward of one or both eyes |
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glaucoma |
a disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure, which results in atrophy of the optic nerve and blindness. |
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gonioscope |
an instrument used to examine the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye. |
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hemianopia |
the inability (blindness) to see half the field of vision. |
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hyperopia |
a defect in vision in which parallel rays come to a focus beyond the retina (farsightedness) |
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intraocular |
pertaining to within the eye |
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iridectomy |
surgical excision of a portion of the iris |
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iridocyclitis |
inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body |
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keratitis |
inflammation of the cornea |
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keratoconjunctivitis |
inflammation of the cornea and the conjunctiva |
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keratoplasty |
surgical repair of the cornea |
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lacrimal |
pertaining to tears |
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laser |
an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation |
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macular degeneration |
degeneration of the macular area of the retina, an area important in the visualization of fine details |
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microlens |
a small, thin corneal contact lens |
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miotic |
pertaining to an agent that causes the pupil to constrict |
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mydriatic |
pertaining to an agent that causes the pupil to dilate |
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myopia |
a defect in vision in which parallel rays come to a focus in front of the retina; nearsightedness |
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nyctalopia |
a condition in which the individual has difficulty seeing at night; night blindness |
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nystagmus |
an involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eyeball |
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ocular |
pertaining to the eye. |
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ophthalmologist |
one who specializes in the study of the eye |
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ophthalmology |
the study of the eye |
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ophthalmoscope |
an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye. |
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optic |
pertaining to the eye |
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optician |
one who specializes in the making of optical products and accessories. this person is not a physician. |
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optometrist |
one who specializes in examining the eyes for refractive errors and providing appropriate corrective lenses. this person is not a physician but is trained and licensed as a Doctor of Optometry (OD) |
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optomyometer |
an instrument used to measure the strength of the muscles of the eye. |
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orthoptics |
the study and treatment of defective binocular vision resulting from defects in ocular musculature; also a technique of eye exercises for correcting defective binocular vision |
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phacoemulsification |
the process of using ultrasound to disintegrate a cataract. a needle is inserted through a small incision and the disintegrated cataract is aspirated. |
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phacolysis |
surgical destruction and removal of the crystalline lens in the treatment of cataract |
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phacosclerosis |
a condition of hardening of the crystalline lens |
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photocoagulation |
the process of altering proteins in tissue by the use of light energy such as the laser beam; used in the treatment of retinal detachment, retinal bleeding, intraocular tumors, and/or macular degeneration (wet) |
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photophobia |
unusual intolerance of light |
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presbyopia |
a defect in vision in which parallel rays come to a focus beyond the retina; occurs normally with aging; farsightedness |
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pupillary |
pertaining to the pupil |
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radial keratotomy |
a surgical procedure that may be performed to correct nearsightedness (myopia). delicate spoke-like incisions are made in the cornea to flatten it, thereby shortening the eyeball so that light reaches the retina. not all patients have their vision improved, and complications could lead to blindness. |
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retinal |
pertaining to the retina |
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retinitis |
inflammation of the retina |
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retinoblastoma |
a malignant tumor arising from the germ cell of the retina |
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retinopathy |
any disease of the retina |
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retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) |
a disease of the retinal vessels present in premature infants; may be caused by excessive use of oxygen in the incubator. retinal detachment and blindness may occur |
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scleritis |
inflammation of the sclera |
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Snellen chart |
a chart for testing visual acuity. it is printed with lines of black letters that are graduated in size from smallest on the bottoms to largest on the top |
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strabismus |
a disorder of the eye in which the optic axes cannot be directed to the same object; also called a squint. |
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sty(e) |
inflammation of one or more of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid; also called a hordeolum |
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tonography |
recording of intraocular pressure used in detecting glaucoma |
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tonometer |
an instrument used to measure intraocular pressure. |
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trichiasis |
a condition of ingrowing eyelids that rub against the cornea, causing a constant irritation to the eyeball. |
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trifocal |
pertaining to having three foci |
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uveal |
pertaining to the second or vascular coat of the eye |
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uveitis |
inflammation of the uvea |
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xenophthalmia |
inflamed eye condition caused by foreign material |
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xerophthalmia |
an eye condition in which there is dryness of the conjunctiva |
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drugs used to treat glaucoma |
either increase the outflow of aqueous humor, decrease its production, or produce both of these actions. |
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prostaglandin analogues |
work by increasing the drainage of intraocular fluid, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure |
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adrenergic drugs |
increase drainage of intraocular fluid |
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alpha antagonist |
work to both decrease production of fluid and increase drainage |
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beta blockers |
decrease production of intraocular fluid |
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
decrease production of intraocular fluid |
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cholinergic (miotic) |
increases drainage of intraocular fluid |
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cholinesterase |
increases drainage of intraocular fluid |
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combination of beta blocker and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor |
decreases production of intraocular fluid |
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mydriatics |
agents that are used to produce dilation of the pupil (mydriasis) may be anticholinergics or sypathomimetics |
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anticholinergics |
produce dilation of the pupil and interfere with the ability of the eye to focus properly (cycloplegia). they are used primarily as an aid in refraction, during internal examination of the eye, in intraocular surgery, and in the treatment of anterior uveitis and secondary glaucoma |
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sympathomimetics |
produced mydiasis without cycloplegia. pupil dilation is obtained as the drug causes contraction of the dilator muscle of the iris. they also affect intraocular pressure by decreasing production of aqueous humor while increasing its outflow from the eye. |
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antibiotics |
used to treat infectious diseases. those that are used for the eye may be in the form of an ointment, cream, or solution. |
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antifungal agent |
natacyn (natamycin) is used in trating fungal infections of the eye, such as blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis |
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antiviral agents |
stoxil, herplex (idoxuridine) are potent antiviral agents used in the treatment of keratitis caused by the herpes simplex virus. vira-a (vidarabine) and viroptic (trifluridine) are also used to treat viral infections of the eye and are effective in the treatment of herpes simplex infections. |
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color vision tests |
the use of polychromatic plates or an anomaloscope to assess the ability to recognize differences in color |
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exophthamometry |
measurement of the forward protrusion of the eye via an exophthalmometer; used to evaluate an increase or decrease in exophthalmos. |
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gonioscopy |
examination of the anterior chamber of the eye via a gonioscope; used for determining ocular motility and rotation. |
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keratometry |
measurement of the cornea via a keratometer |
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ocular ultrasonography |
the use of high-frequency sound waves (via a small probe placed on the eye) to measure for intraocular lenses and to detect orbital and periorbital lesions; also used to measure the length of the eye and the curvature of the cornea in preparation for surgery. |
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ophthalmoscopy |
examination of the interior of the eyes via an ophthalmoscope; used to identify changes in the blood vessels in the eye and to diagnose systemic diseases. |
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tonometry |
measurement of the intraocular pressure of the eye via a tonometer; used to screen for and detect glaucoma. |
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visual acuity |
measurement of the acuteness or sharpness of vision. a Snellen eye chart may be used, and the patient reads letters of various sizes from a distance of 20 feet. normal vision is 20/20 |
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Acc |
accommodation |
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ALT |
argon laser trabeculoplasty |
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D |
diopter |
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DVA |
distance visual acuity |
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ECCE |
extracapsular cataract extraction |
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EM |
emmetropia |
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EOM |
extraocular movement; extraocular muscles |
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HT |
hypermetropia (hyperopia) |
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ICCE |
intracapsular cataract cryoextraction |
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IOL |
intraocular lens |
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IOP |
intraocular pressure |
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L & A |
light and accommodation |
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LE |
left eye |
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LPI |
laser peripheral iridotomy |
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MY |
myopia |
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NVA |
near visual acuity |
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OD |
oculus dexter (right eye) |
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OS |
oculus sinister (left eye) |
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OU |
oculus uterque (each eye); oculi unitas (both eyes) |
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PERRLA |
pupils equal, regular, react to light and accommodation |
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RE |
right eye |
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REM |
rapid eye movement |
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RPE |
retinal pigment epithelium |
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SLT |
selective laser trabeculoptasty |
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SMD |
senile macular degeneration |
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ST |
esotropia |
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VA |
visual acuity |
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VF |
visual field |
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XT |
exotropia |
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+ |
puls or convex |
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- |
minus or concave |