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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
lungs
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air filled organs which normally float on water
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lungs composed of
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fine meshwork of airways
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lungs expand ....
lungs contact... |
passively due to change in volume of thorax, inflow of oxygen rich air
due to elastic tissue throughout lungs, outflow of carbon dioxide rich air |
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cardiac notch
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3rd to 5th intercostal space
where lungs do not separate heart from ribcage |
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lung base
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diaphragmatic surface
concave surface adjacent to diaphragm |
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apex of lung
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adjacent to thoracic inlet
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costal surface of lung
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convex
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medial surface of lung
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indent by heart
3rd to 6th rib |
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root of lung
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composted of grouped principle bronchus, pulmonary artery, veins and nerves wrapped in pleural covering
location of tracheobronchial lymph nodes enter lungs at hilus |
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number of lung lobes in dog
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2 left
4 right |
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number of lung lobes in horse
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2 left
3 right |
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lobes defined as
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structures supplied by a secondary lobar bronchus
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connective tissue septa
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subdivide lobes into lobules
contain elastin, collagen, blood vessels |
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consistancy of septa in ruminants and pig
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thick
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consistancy of septa in horse
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thin and incomplete
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consistancy of septa in dog
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almost non exsistant
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left lung has ___ lobes
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2- cranial and caudal
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cranial left lung lobe
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has cranial and caudal portions in species other than horse
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right lung has ___ lobes
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3-4
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right lung is... than left lung
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larger
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cranial lobe of right lung is ventilated by
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tracheal bronchus in ruminants and pig
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middle lobe of right lung
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not present in horses
separated from cranial lobe by cardiac notch |
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caudal lobe of right lung
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in contact with diaphragm
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accessory lobe of right lung
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irregular in shape
located in mid ventral region of right lung |
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pulmonary arteries
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oxygen depleted blood from right ventricle goes to pulmonary trunk to left an right pulmonary arteries to lungs
follow bronchi down to level of alveolus |
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pulmonary veins
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oxygen rich blood from lungs goes to left atrium
variable number, usually one from each lobe some anastomosis before reaching heart mostly follow bronchi also provide venous from bronchi |
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bronchial artery
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arises from aorta to supply bronchi and connective tissue
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lymphatic drainage
2 networks |
superficial netowrk- drains subpleural tissue into vessel at hilus of lung
deep network- drains deeper tissues via vessels running along airways from level of bronchioles both sets merge at hilus-- tracheobronchial lymph nodes--- cranial mediastinal nodes---trachael lymphatic vessel or thoracic duct |
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lymphatic drainage responsible for
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removal of material phagocytosed by macrophages in airway
mounting immune response to infectious agents |
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innervation of lungs
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autonomic supply (sympathetic and parasympathetic ) from pulmonary plexus within mediastinum
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efferent innervation of lungs
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regulates activity of bronchial glands
smooth muscle of bronchi- broncho constriction or dilation |
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afferent innervation of lungs supply from
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stretch receptors, reflex modification of respiration
mechanoreceptors- reflex coughing |
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the lungs of birds
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lungs dorsally located against vertebrae and ribs, do not wrap around heart
expansion of airways for air intake occurs in air sacs |
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ventilation perfusion matching
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efficient gas exchange requires ventilation appropriate to blood flow through lung
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at times of increased tissue demand for oxygen in addition to increased pulmonary ventilation there is
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increased cardiac output
recruitment and distension of pulmonary capiliaries |
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hypoventilation
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insufficient airflow to lungs due to partial obstruction of upper or lower airway (pathological) or holding breath-->oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in alveoli-->oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide accumulation in blood
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hyperventiliation
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breathing more deeply or rapidly than necassary to maximally oxygenate blood flowing through lungs-->surplus fresh air flowing in and out of lungs-->decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in blood ( constant removal from lungs)-->hypocapnia-->only slight increase in oxygen concentration in blood (already almost saturated)
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ventilation ___ uniform throughout lung
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not
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blood flow in alveoli dependent on
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body position
greater in ventral areas in standing animal due to hydrostatic pressure differences |
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in dorsal part of lungs ____ artery pressure may fall below ___ pressure and as a result capiliaries are squashed flat precenting blood flow. only occurs with
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pulmonary
alveolar low blood pressure |
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ventilated unperfused lung =
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alveolar dead space
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during anestesia of large animals in dorsal recumbency mismatching occurs due to
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pooling of blood in dorsal lung--> need to administer pure oxygen to maintain blood PO2
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