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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
variable
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event or behavior that can assume two or more values.
ex. temperature is variable it can assume a wide range of values |
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Physiological IV
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a physiological state of the participant manipulated by the experimenter.
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Experience IV
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Manipulation of the amount or type of training or learning.
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Stimulus IV
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An aspect of the environment manipulated by the experimenter
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Participant Characteristics
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Aspects of the participant such as age sex or personality traits which are treated as if they were IV's
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Confounding
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A situation in which the results of an experiment can be attributed to either the operation of an IV or an extraneous variable
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Measuring/Recording the DV for CORRECTNESS
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the participant's response is either correct or incorrect
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Measuring/Recording the DV for RATE or FREQUENCY
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Rate:the number of responses measured during a specific time period with specific concern to how rapidly the participant makes them
Frequency:"" without specific concern to how rapidly the participant makes them |
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Measuring/Recording the DV for DEGREE OR AMOUNT
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Not recording the number or frequency of participants responses, rather recording a number that indicates degree or amount
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Measuring/Recording the DV for LATENCY OR DURATION
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(studies of learning and memory) how quickly participants make a response (latency) or how long the response lasts (duration)
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Valid
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Characteristic of a good dv-measuring what is supposed to be measured
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Reliable
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Characteristic of a good dv- producing consistent measurements
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Nuisance Variables
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characteristics of the participants or unintended influences of the experimental situation that make the effects of the IV more difficult to determine.
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Randomization
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A control technique that ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in an experiment
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Elimination
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A control technique whereby extraneous variables are completely removed from an experiment
e.g: only showing an individual's face in a facial expression identification study ELIMINATES the extraneous variables of clothing and weight that could have impacted the participant's response |
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Constancy
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A control technique by which an extraneous variable is reduced to a single value that ix experienced by all participants
e.g. The same room, lighting, temperature, time of day, etc. |
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Balancing
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A control procedure that achieves group equality by distributing extraneous variables equally to all groups
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Counterbalancing
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a procedure for controlling order effects by presenting different treatment sequences
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Within-Subject Counterbalancing
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Presentation of different treatment sequences to the same participant
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Within-group Counterbalancing
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Presentation of different treatment sequences to different participants.
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Complete Counterbalancing
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All possible treatment sequences are presented
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Incomplete Counterbalancing
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Only a portion of all possible sequences are presented
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Sequence or Order Effects
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The position of a treatment in a series determines, in part, the participants' response
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Carryover Effect
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The effects of one treatment persist or carry over and influence responses to the next treatment
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Differential carryover
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The response to one treatment depends on which treatment was administered previously
e.g: If the second grader receives 3 m&ms then 5 then 1 it could produce a unique effect and is not an effective control procedure |
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Precedent
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An established pattern
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Number of Participants Relies on..
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Finances, time, availability
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Power
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the probability that a statistical test will be significant (i.e. the experimental hypothesis is accepted when it is true)
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Rosenthal Effect
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The result when an experimenter's preconceived idea of appropriate responding influences the treatment of participants and their behavior.
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Single-blind Experiment
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The experimenter or participants are unaware of the treatment the participants are receiving
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Demand Characteristics
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Features of the experiment that inadvertently lead participants to respond in a particular manner
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Good Participant Effect
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The tendency of participants to behave as they perceive the experimenter wants then to behave
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Yea-Sayers
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Participants who ten to answer yes to all questions
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Nay-Sayers
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Participants who tend to answer no to all questions
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Response set
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The result when an experimental context or testing situation influences the participants' responses
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Double-Blind Experiment
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Where both the experimenter and the participants are unaware of which treatment the participants are receiving
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Controlling Yea/Nay-Saying
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Rewriting some of the items so that a negative response represents agreement or a positive response represents disagreement
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Controlling Demand Characteristics
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Double Blind Experiment
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Controlling Response Sets
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Pilot testing and reviewing to ensure items do not have a socially desired response
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Cross-Cultural Psychology
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A branch of psychology whose goal is to determine the universality of research results
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Culture
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Lasting values, attitudes, and behaviors that are shared by a group and transmitted to subsequent generations
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Etic
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A finding that is the same in different cultures
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Emic
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A culture-specific finding
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Ethnocentric
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Other cultures are viewed as an extension of one's own culture
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Cultural Response Set
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The tendency of a particular culture to respond in a certain manner
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Internal Validity
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A type of evaluation of your experiment; it asks whether your IV is the only possible explanation of the results shown for your DV
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History
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A threat to internal validity; refers to events that occur between the DV measurements in a repeated-measures design
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Maturation
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A threat to internal validity; refers to changes in participants that occur over time during an experiment; could include actual physical maturation or tiredness, boredom, hunger and so on
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Testing
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A threat to internal validity that occurs because measuring the DV causes a change in the DV
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Practice Effect
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A beneficial effect on a DV measurement caused by previous experience with the DV
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Reactive Measures
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DV measurements that actually change the DV being measured
e.g: if a participant knows that a questionnaire is evaluating their attitude towards a certain subject they can change their attitude any way they want |
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Nonreactive Measures
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DV measurements that do not influence the DV being measured
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Instrumentation
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A threat to internal validity that occurs if the equipment or human measuring the DV changes the measuring criterion over time
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Statistical Regression
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A threat to internal validity that occurs when low scorers improve or high scorers fall on a second administration of a test solely as a result of statistical reasons
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Selection
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A threat to internal validity that can occur if participants are chosen in such a way that the groups are not equal before the experiment; the researcher cannot then be certain that the IV caused any difference observed after the experiment
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Mortality
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A threat to internal validity that can occur if experimental participants from different groups drop out of the experiment at different rates
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Interactions with Selection
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Threats to internal validity that can occur if there are systematic differences between or among selected treatment groups based on maturation, history, or instrumentation
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Diffusion or imitation of treatment
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A threat to internal validity that can occur if participants in one treatment group become familiar with the treatment of another group and copy that treatment
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External Validity
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A type of evaluation of an experiment; Do the experimental results apply to populations and situations that are different from those of the experiment?
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Generalization
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Applying the results from an experiment to a different situation or population
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Population generalization
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Applying the results from an experiment to a group of participants that is different and more encompassing than those used in the original experiment
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Temporal Generalization
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Applying the results from an experiment to a time that is different from the time when the original experiment was conducted
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Interaction of testing and treatment
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a threat to external validity that occurs when a pretest sensitizes participants to the treatment yet to come
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Interaction of selection and treatment
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A threat to external validity that can occur when a treatment effect is found only for a specific sample of participants
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Reactive Arrangements
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A threat to external validity caused by an experimental situation that alters participants' behavior, regardless of the IV involved
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Demand Characteristics
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Features of the experiment that inadvertently lead participants to respond in a particular manner
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Multi-Treatment Interference
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A threat to external validity that occurs when a set of findings results only when participants experience multiple treatments in the same experiment
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Comparative Psychology
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The Study of behavior in different species, including humans
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Convenience Sampling
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A researcher's sampling of participants based on ease of locating the participants often it does not involve true random selection
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Replication
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An additional scientific study that is conducted in exactly the same manner as the original research project
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Replication with Extension
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An experiment that seeks to conform (replicate) a previous finding but does so in a different setting or with different participants or under different conditions
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