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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Meaning of "Yom Kippur"
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"Day of Atonement" (last day of the Holy High Days)
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The three practices of Yom Kippur:
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1. Worship services
2. Praying for forgiveness 3. Fasting |
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What does the Sundance of the Sioux symbolize?
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The interconnectedness of all things
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Two examples of the importance of animals in the Sundance of the Sioux:
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1. the eagle carries people's prayers up into the heavens
2. the buffalo originally taught this dance to the tribe |
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Why do those who do the Sundance of the Sioux engage in self-torture?
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It symbolizes moving from death into the next stage of life
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What is Tenrikyo?
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-Japanese New Religion (branch of Shinto)
-belief in kami -no belief in an afterlife -healing by faith |
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Founder of Tenrikyo? (+ date)
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Miki Nakayama (19th century)
-kami revealed the truth to her |
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Who is Mary Baker Eddy? (+ date)
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Founder of Christian Science (19th century)
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Islam & Women:
How does salat differ for women? |
1. female leadership
2. place of mosques 3. recent challenges to tradition |
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Define polygyny ... is it commonly practiced?
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having multiple spouses (of either gender) ... no! but does occur in U.S. and is disapproved of by most Muslims
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Feminist recontextualization of the Quran
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-there ARE some verses that are against women...
-...but only because 7th century Arabia was anti-women -...so we don't need to follow these anymore |
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What is the purpose of female genital mutilation?
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to prevent women from experiencing sexual pleasure, so that they will not be unfaithful
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How prevalent is FGM?
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100 million females worldwide
(UNICEF and other orgs activey working against the practice) |
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Judaism & Women:
3 main branches of Judaism: |
1. Orthodox (most traditional)
2. Conservative (compromise) 3. Reform (most contemporary) |
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Differing factors between the branches:
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-language of the services (Hebrew vs. vernacular)
-women allowed to be leaders -men and women sitting together |
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Examples of female inferiority in Orthodox Judaism:
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-Dress code = entire body covered + wigs so that men aren't seduced
-mehitzah = barrier between men and women during worship services -minyan = required number of people to hold a Jewish service... 10 MEN -men not allowed to hear a women's singing voice |
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Date of first female ordination in Judaism?
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1970s
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Leader of Jewish Feminism?
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Judith Plaskow
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3 needs for Judaism (as described by Plaskow)
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1. recognize that women have been important throughout history
2. women must play more roles in services 3. more feminist midrash (midrash = interpretation of the Tanakh) |
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On Masculine Christianity:
Leading evangelical (+ date?) |
Billy Sunday (early 20th century)
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Major ideas of Masucline Christianity:
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1. Christian men must show courage and strength
2. This courage and strength is developed through SPORTS! (YMCA) 3. The Promise Keepers (1990s series of conferences) focused on fidelity and husbandry |
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Major criticisms of Masculine Christianity:
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1. Attack on femininity
2. Overgeneralizes gender differences |
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On Christianity & Women:
Ideas on Eve |
Eve = responsible for sin
...and thus, more evil than men |
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Define complementarianism:
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the husband and wife mutually support each other, but the husband is the leader in the marriage
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Visual art in Judaism & Christianity:
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???
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Visual art in Islam:
Difference between Shia and Sunni beliefs? |
Sunni believe you CANNOT have images of Muhammad/God OR religious leaders ... Shia believe you CAN have pictures of religious leaders (but not of Mohammad/God)
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...so what CAN Muslims create images of?
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1. Images of paradise (heaven)
2. Calligraphy |
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Basics of Buddhism:
Two main branches: |
Theravada and Mahayana
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Differences between the two branches of Buddhism:
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Geography: T in South and SE Asia; M in China, Korea and Japan
Number of Buddhas: T = ONE (Siddhartha Gautama), M = many many Buddhas Ultimate Goal: T = arhat (achieving nirvana and ceasing to exist) M = bodhisattva (achieving nirvana then returning to earth to help others do the same) |
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Three major forms of art in Buddhism:
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1. the Enso (circle the symbolizes nothingness and infinity)
2. Mudras (symbolic hand gestures) 3. the Mandala (geometric, tedious art created by Buddhist monks) |
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On Judaism & Music:
Define cantillation: |
Chanting of the Tanakh
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2 forms of liturgical music in Judaism:
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1. Kol Nidre - a specific song sung at the beginning of Yom Kippur
2. Nigunim -a style of fast-paced, joyful music characterized by syllables instead of lyrics (Hasidic Jews) |
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2 other forms of music in Judaism:
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1. klezmer - originally intended for Jewish weddings
2. hip hop - e.g., Matisyahu! |
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On Music and Catholicism:
Define monophonic: |
music without harmony (vs. polyphonic)
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Gregorian chants?
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monophonic and liturgical, originally thought to have been written by Pope Gregory in 600 CE
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Second Vatican Council (+ date?)
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(1960s) major goal was to modernize church in 3 ways:
1. contemporary music 2. major liturgical decisions (language, involved congregation, modern instruments) |
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On Music & Islam:
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???
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Christian hip hop:
3 major themes: |
1. Overcoming evil
2. Social justice 3. Relationship with Jesus |
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Has Christian hip hop/rock achieved mainstream popularity?
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YES! e.g., Grits, Stryper, Kutless, Evanescence, DC Talk, Switchfoot, etc.
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Christian rock:
Father of? |
Larry Norman
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Major objections to Christian rock:
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1. poor quality music compared to mainstream rock
2. inappropriate type of music 3. compromised evangelism 4. back-masking lyrics 5. too much emphasis on performance 6. lyrics are too shallow or too focused on people |
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3 possible relationships between religion and violence:
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1. prevention
2. silence 3. promotion (sanctified violence) |
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Define Zionism:
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Desire for Israelites to regain their home land (aka Zion)
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2 events that led to establishment of the nation of Israel (+ date?)
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1. the Holocaust
2. 20th century 1948 |
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2 conflicts after 1948:
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1. Six-Day War (1967)
-Israel won -Took over West Bank and Gaza strip 2. Oslo Accords (1980s) -Israel promised to withdraw from WB and GS ... still have not completely done so |
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On Violence & Hinduism:
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???
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On Violence & Christianity:
The Crusades: |
-series of military expeditions, European Christians vs. Muslims
-sanctioned by Pope -1000-1500 CE ...... why? 1. Protect E. Christians from Muslim invasion 2. Reconquer the Holy Land |
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The Inquisition:
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-an attempt by the Catholic Church to eliminate heresy (belief in something that is not an official teaching of the religion)
-16th century CE -Spain -many burnings at the stake, often with no evidence |
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30 Years' War
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-Protestant vs. Catholics
-16th century CE |
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Salem Witch Trials
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-colonial New England
-many women (some men) accused of witchcraft and killed immediately |
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Christian pacifism
-Why? -Two examples |
-interpretation of Jesus' teachings in Sermon on the Mount
-Mennonites and Quakers |
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Criticisms of Christian pacifism:
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-no need to take Jesus' words so completely anti-violence
-complete pacifivism is impractical |
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Just War Theory:
4 key principles |
1. Just Cause
2. Last Resort 3. Limited Objectives 4. Non-Combatant Immunity |
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On Islam & Violence:
Early Muslim battles |
the Prophet Muhammad himself fought
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Conquests:
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Gave polytheists choice to convert to Islam or be killed
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Medieval Spain
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Jews, Christians and Muslims often lived together in peace ... but of course there were still conflicts
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Islamism
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E.g.) Al-Qaeda, the stereotyped group of Muslims that is characterized by violence
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Define jihad and two different forms:
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-"to strive," very simply in the Quran
-violent jihad known as the "lesser" -defensive and offensive |
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On Religion & Race:
3 main figures of the Nation of Islam: |
1. Elijah Muhammad - founder in early 20th century
2. Malcolm X - 1950s 3. Louis Farrakhan - current leader |
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4 main beliefs of Nation of Islam:
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similar to mainstream Islam:
1. believs Quran is the revelation of God 2. pray salat prayer 5x/day Dissimilar to mainstream Islam: 3. believe in the divinity of Wallace Fard, God on Earth 4. no eternity at all in the afterlife (heaven is a ploy to brainwash slaves) |
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Founder of Rastafarianism:
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-Haile Selassie - real name is Ras Tafari
- |
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Zion vs. Babylon
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Zion = the promised land for Blacks
Babylon = the evil White civilization |
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Main points of Rastafarianism:
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-Ganja = marijuana that brings one closer to God and is sanctioned by the Bible
-Dreadlocks (Leviticus says so and is a sign of social protest) -Language (double meanings |
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Pentecostalism:
Origin (+ date?) |
Azusa Street Revival (early 20th century) ... comes from Acts 2 (the Pentecost)
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Major beliefs of Pentecostalism?
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-Second-blessing experience, where you must be filled with the Holy Spirit to perform miracles (speaking in tongues, typically)
...also, emotional worship services and healing by faith |
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Two major denominations of Pentecostalism:
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1. Church of God and Christ
2. Assembly of God |
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Charismatic movement:
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Pentecostal beliefs and practices in NON-Pentecostal churches
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Word of Faith movement:
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EXTREMELY emotional experience
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Ideas behind White Supremacy
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-Wesley Swift founded Christian Identity
-Ten Lost Tribes of Israel -Jesus only died for Whites -massive anti-Semitism -view of non-Caucasians? God does not love them -the Order is a subgroup who was responsible for numerous killings of Blacks in the 1980s |
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African American Slaves & Christianity
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major trend UNTIL the mid-18th century, but then slave owners attempted to convert slaves to Christianity
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Why didn't slave owners attempt to convert the slaves at first?
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1. believed slaves had no souls
2. religious equality would slip into complete equality |
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Why DID slave owners then attempt to convert the slave?
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1. slaves DO have souls
2. Christianity would make slaves more obedient and productive |
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3 settings of slave Christianity:
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1. segregated churches
2. special services where the congregation was slaves, but the preacher was White 3. concealed churches |
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Black Spirituals:
4 major themes in lyrics: |
1. suffering
2. heaven (and hope) 3. justice 4. exodus |