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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biology |
evolution has driven our bodies to adapt to famine so we store extra food as fat |
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Culture |
how we eat and how much we eat |
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Obese |
20% more fat than recommended for one's height |
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Body Mass Indez (BMI) |
estimates body fat base on height and weight |
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Overweight |
BMI = 25 to 29.9 |
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Obese |
BMI = 30 or higher |
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Energy |
the power to do work |
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calories (c) |
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C |
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Calories (capital C) |
food energy is measured |
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kilocalorie (kcal) |
equal to 1000 calories, or 1kcal |
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Macromolecules |
food contains; broken down into building blocks or subunits |
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Glycogen |
is a complex animal carbohydrate, made up of linked chains of glucose molecules short term energy source in animal cells - in muscle and liver cells |
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Triglycerides |
are the type of lipid found in fat cells that are used for long-term energy storage in animcal cells - in fat cells |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
energy from food is ultimately captured in the molecule |
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Aerobic Respiration |
a series of reactions that converts store food energy into ATP occurs in the presence of oxygen |
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Glucose |
is the most common source of energy for all organisms Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (+ Heat) |
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Glycolysis |
first step occurs in the cytoplasm series of reactions that break down sugar into smaller units (pyruvate) occurs in the absence of oxygen |
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Citric Acid Cycle |
second step of aerobic respiration series of reactions that removes electrons from pyruvate NAD+ picks up and transfers electrons releases carbon dioxide |
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Electron Transport Chain |
final step of aerobic respiration electrons stripped during the citric acid cycle are carried to the inner membranes of the mitochondria electrons are passed down a chain of molecules to oxygen oxygen accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen atoms to produce water produces most of the ATP |
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Fermentation |
occurs in the cytoplasm makes lactic acid or alcohol |
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Trans fat |
is a type of vegetable fat that has been hydrogenated (hydrogen atoms have been added) to make it solid at room temperature |
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Saturated Fat |
animal fat, like butter saturated fat is solid at room temperature |
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Unsaturated fats |
which come from plants, are liquid at room temperature and are considered more healthful olive oil |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
hereditary molecule that is passed from parents to offspring serves as the instruction manual for how to build an individual |
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DNA |
found in the nucleus |
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Chromosome |
single DNA molecule wrapped around proteins |
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Human DNA |
humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (one chromosome from each pair is inherited from the biological mother)(one chromosome from each pair is inherited from the biological father) |
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Female |
XX |
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Male |
XY |
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Nucleotides |
DNA is composed each nucleotide consists of sugar, a phosphate, and a base |
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Nucleotides bases |
adenine (A) thymine (T) guanine (G) cytosine (C) |
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Double helix |
two strands of nucleotides pair up and twist around each other to form a spiral-shaped |
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Hydrogen bonding |
two strands of DNA double helix are held together by base pairing...between the bases of each strand |
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Complementary base pairing |
A always pairs with T C always pairs with G |
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DNA profile |
extract the DNA from the cells to create and individual |
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DNA replication |
natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule first, hydrogen bonds that hold base pairs together are broken down and the helix is unwound |
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Complimentary base-pairing |
takes advantage of rules |
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DNA polymerase |
reads the DNA and adds complimentary nucleotides using the rules of base pairing |
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Semi-conservative mechanism |
produces two copies of the original DNA molecule each molecule consists of one of the strands of the original DNA molecule and a new strand |
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
PCR is a laboratory technique used to replicate and amplify a specific DNA segment |
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Primers |
short segments of DNA that guide DNA polymerase to the section of DNA to copy |
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Genome |
one complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism |
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Short tandem repeats (STR) |
use shortcut are sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated |
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Gel electropgoresis |
laboratory technique that separates fragments of DNA by size |
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Making DNA profile |
separated fragments of DNA create a specific pattern of bands visible using fluorescence unique to each person compare patterns of DNA different individuals have different DNA banding patterns |
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Protein |
macromolecule made of repeating amino acid subunits |
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Amino acids |
building blocks of proteins 20 different amino acids all have the same basic core structure each also has a unique chemical side group |
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Genes |
a sequence of DNA that contains the instructions to make at least one protein found in chromosomes |
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Gene expression |
synthesis of a protein from a gene |
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what are the stages in the cell cycle? |
G1, S, G2, M |
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what phase of the cell cycle is where a new copy of a cell's DNA is synthesized? |
S phase |
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What are the stages of mitosis? |
Prophase, Methaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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Where does a cell spend most of its time? |
Interphase |
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What macromolecule has the greates caloric value per gram? |
fats |
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What are excess carbohydrates in our body stored as? |
they are stored as fats |
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what are the inputs for aerobic respiration? |
glucose and oxygen |
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what are the stages of aerobic respiration? |
glycolysis - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain |
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in what stage aerobic respiration occue in the cytoplasm? |
glycolysis |
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in what process is carbon dioxide produced in? |
the citric acid cycle |
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what process yields the most ATP? |
electron transport |
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in what process does fermentation share with aerobic respiration? |
glycolysis |
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how much ATP is produced from one molecule of glucose during fermentation? |
2 |
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what is the significance of the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans? |
it determines a person's sex |
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what parts of DNA are the rungs and what parts are the stringers? |
the bases are the rungs, and the sugars and phosphates are the stingers |
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what is the opposite DNA segment of AATAGC? |
TTATCG |
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what is meant by "semiconservative" replication? |
each newly replicated strand of DNA consists of one original strand and one newly formed strand |
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what is a gene? |
a segment of DNA that encodes at least one protein |
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what would you fuse to produce a human gene in goat milk? |
regulatory elements from a protein produced in goat milk to coding region of the human gene |
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transcription occurs in a eukaryotic cell's ________, and it uses ________, to produce ________. |
nucleus; genes; mRNA |
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how is it possible for cells in your kidneys produce different proteins and carry out different tasks than cells in your brain? |
kidney and brain cells have the same DNA but use different genes |
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condons are found in ________; anticodons are found in ________? |
mRNA; tRNA |
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what are short tandem repeats (STRs) |
blocks of repeated DNA sequences (AGCT) that vary in length from person to person |
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what is genetically modified organism (GMO)? |
an organism that contains genes from different species |
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Whose DNA would be least similar to yours, mother, father, mother's brother, identical twin, or elder sibling? |
mother's brother |