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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the [3] imperatives of speech?
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-Social -Consumer -Intellectual
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What is the “skyhook” principle?
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Finding some common ground with listeners
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What is the difference between “ethos” and “ethics?”
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Ethics = morals framework
Ethos = credibility or “good sense,” “good will,” “good morals” |
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What [4] elements create “public speaking as an interactive process?
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Speaker Message Listener(s) Context
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What are the 4 characteristics of “orality?”
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1) Integrative
2) Redundant 3) Concrete 4) Situational |
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What is the difference between “general” and “specific” purpose statements?
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Gen = to inform persuade entertain
Spec. = to inform persuade entertain about… |
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Which of the following statements is a “specific purpose statement?”
To Inform To Inform about robots A robot is a complex apparatus |
ANS: To Inform about robots
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What is another word for a “central idea”
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Thesis Statement
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What are 6 ways to develop confident delivery?
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Realize nervousness = normal
Focus on ideas Look at listeners (eye contact) Breathe Relax body Speak in public often |
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What are the 5 barriers to “good listening?”
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Passive listening
Drifting thoughts Trigger Words Physical Distractions Self-fulfilling prophecy |
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What are some ways [3] listeners are misguided?
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Speakers’ use of % rather than absolute #s
Characteristics of the sample (2/3 people…) Hasty generalization |
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What are the 5 listening purposes?
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Appreciative (focus outside verbal content)
Discriminatory (draw conclusions from HOW the message is presented) Empathic (provides emotional support for speaker) Comprehension (Gaining information) Critical (Interpreting message for strengths & weaknesses) |
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When listening for comprehension what questions should you ask?
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What are the main ideas?
How are the main ideas arranged/organized? What kinds of materials support the main ideas? |
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What is culture?
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“A social group’s system of meanings”
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What is “subculture?”
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“smaller groups of people that define their lifestyles, by how they are different from the dominant culture.”
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What is “Multiculturalism?”
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Understanding how cultures are multi-faceted. For instance the U.S. is NOT a unified culture it is a country made up of subcultures and powerful co-cultures.
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What are 3 strategies to negotiating difference?
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Accept multiple paths to goals
Choose a rhetorical frame Maintain self-identity in face of difference |
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What is a rhetorical frame?
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Orientation that will be accepted by listeners
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What types of rhetorical frames might you use?
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Narrative frames
Valuative frames |
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What types of [5] things make up demographic analysis
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Age gender education group membership cultural background etc.
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What are the [3] elements of psychological analysis?
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Beliefs attitudes & values
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What types[7] of strategies should you use when handling hostile audiences?
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Establish goodwill
Start with ideas of agreement Offer principles of judgment/framing Develop your personal credibility Use favorable supporting materials Use humor Use multi-sided presentation |
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How might you use “audience segmentation” in your audience analysis?
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Divide listeners into a series of “target populations” to adapt to the audience.
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How can audience [3] analysis help you prepare your speech?
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Develop speaking goals
Develop specific purposes Develop appeals |
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What is the difference between primary & secondary sources?
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Primary = eyewitness/firsthand accounts
Secondary = accounts based on other sources |
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What are the 5 functions of supporting materials?
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Complex/abstract ideas benefit from the use of specific information
If you have a hostile audience use statistics & testimony Supporting materials enhance speaker credibility Supporting materials provide fodder for discussion Examples create human interest statistics provide reasonable proof |
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When using statistics what 4 tips should you follow?
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Translate complex numbers
Round off complicated numbers Use visual materials to clarify when possible Use statistics fairly |
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What are the 8 informative speech organizational patterns?
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Chronological
Spatial Causal Topical Familiarity Acceptance Inquiry Order Question-Answer Order Problem-Solution Order Elimination Order |
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What is the difference between a “rough draft” outline and a “speaking” outline?
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Rough draft = establishes topic- clarifies purpose- and identifies reason number of subtopics
Speaking = uses key words or phrases to jog your memory when you deliver your speech |
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What [3] specific outlining steps will help you and your listeners remember what you’re talking about?
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- Magic Numbers (5+2 or 5-2)
- Chunking - Mnemonics |
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What are the 6 following factors of attention?
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Activity (Choose active verbs, dynamic stories, short segments)
Reality (Concrete concepts, specifics) Vital (matters related to health, reputation, property, employment) Proximity (nearness to familiar people/things/places) Familiarity (Help listeners identify with you) Novelty (newness/ blending old & new) |
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What are the 3 qualities that make up clear oral style?
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Accuracy
Simplicity Restatement |
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How might you [4] deploy gender-neutral language?
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Speak in plural
Use “he” or “she” when you must use singular Remove gender inflections Use gender-specific pro-nouns for gender-specific processes, people, or activities |
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What are the four dimensions of non-verbal communication discussed in chapter 10?
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Proxemics (particularly the physical arrangement of the room and distance from the audience)
Movement and stance (including posture) Facial expressions Gestures (conventional, descriptive and indicators) |
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What are the four methods of speech delivery?
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Memorized
Manuscript Impromptu Extemporaneous |
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When is it appropriate to memorize your speech?
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Rarely, but perhaps when notecards or a teleprompter cannot be used (Adjusting the speech to audience feedback is very difficult when a speech is memorized.)
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When is it appropriate to use a manuscript for your speech?
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When exact wording or precise timing is extremely important (Manuscripts work best with a teleprompter)
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When do speakers use impromptu speech?
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On the spur of the moment with minimal preparation (Impromptu speeches should be focused on a single idea)
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When is it appropriate to deliver an extemporaneous speech?
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Most occasions a prepared speech is requested
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What are the benefits of extemporaneous speeches?
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The are more vigorous, flexible and spontaneous because they are prepared, but not limited by predetermined words and phrases.
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What [4] factors should cause you to slow down your rate of speech?
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Larger audiences, especially outdoors
Competing sounds such as fans, traffic, etc. Echo in the room Feedback from audience |
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How can you utilize pauses in your speech?
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To create suspense (before a point)
To add emphasis (after a point) How can you use vocal variety to keep your speech interesting?, Vary the rate of speech Change your pitch Use stress effectively Utilize pauses when appropriate |
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How do visual aids enhance a speech presentation?
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They help the listener comprehend and remember the speech.
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What [3] strategies should be used for selecting visual media?
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Evaluate the audience and occasion to determine the most effective tools
Integrate verbal and visual materials (visuals should complement what is said) Evaluate the potential of computer-generated visual materials |
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How can you get the maximum benefit from [4] visual aids?
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Use color
Keep it simple Make sure visuals are large enough to be seen Keep it neat |