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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Short-Term Memory |
Memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used. |
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Long-Term Memory |
The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently. |
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Encoding |
Forming a memory code (Getting information permanently into LTM) |
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Storage |
Holding onto information for some period of time. |
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Retrieval |
Getting information that is in storage, into a form that can be used |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
The loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the injury or illness |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
The loss of memory for events that occurred after the injury or illness. |
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Consolidation |
The theoretical process of information "getting into" Long-Term memory. This does not occur immediately; it seems to take time to occur. (often occurs during sleep) |
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Levels of Processing Theory |
Suggests that we use different levels of processing; shallow, intermediate, and deep. The theory asserts that shallow processing results in ineffective encoding; deep processing results in effective coding. |
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Dual Coding Theory |
Suggests that two codes (Visual & Semantic codes) increase the probability of recall. |
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Sensory Memory |
The very first stage of memory. Point in which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems. (Very brief) |
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Peterson & Peterson Study |
Documents the duration limit of short-term memory. Information fades from Short Term memory in twelve seconds or less (without rehearsal) |
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Flashbulb Memories |
Type of automatic encoding that occurs because of personal and unexpected events that hold a strong emotional associations for the person remembering it. |
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Serial-Position Effect |
Tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered much better; than the middle of a body of information. (For example: Grocery List) |
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Primacy Effect |
The reason we tend to recall the first few items well, because the first few items have the best chance to consolidate information (LTM) |
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Recency Effect |
Tendency to remember information at the end of the body of information well, is because the last few items were the most recent seen in short term memory. |
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Context Events |
Cues in the environment that stimulates memory retrieval. (For Example: Retracing your steps) |
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Constructive Processing |
Retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, influenced, or revised because of newer information. |
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Source Monitoring Error |
Occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source. |
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Ebbinghaus' Forgetting Curve |
The course of forgetting for Ebbinghaus was initially rapid, and then leveled off with time. Can be used as evidence in support for the decay theory of forgetting long-term memory. |
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Retention |
Refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered) |
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Recall |
A measure of retention that requires a subject to reproduce information on their own without any cues. |
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Recognition |
A measure of retention that requires a subject to select previously learned information from an array of options. |
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Relearning |
A measure of retention that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before. |
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Encoding Failure |
Information is not encoded, therefore you cannot "forget" info that was never encoded. (also termed psuedoforgetting) |
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Decay Theory |
Asserts that forgetting is the function of time. This theory can be applied to all three memory stores: sensory information, short-term memory, and long-term memory. |
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Interference Theory |
Suggests that forgetting is due to retrieval failure. Competition with other material in LTM. Coded correctly, stored correctly, error in retrieval. |
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Proactive Interference |
Cannot remember newer memories or information |
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Retroactive Interference |
Cannot remember older memories or information. |
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Motivated Forgetting |
Not recalling information that may be scary or embarrassing. |
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Repression |
Frued's term for keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
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Mnemonic Devices |
Strategies for enhancing memory |
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Overlearning |
Continued rehearsal after the apparent point of mastery. |
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Massed Practice |
A long session of studying or learning |
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Distributed Practice |
Short sessions of studying mixed with intervals of rest. Distributed practice is superior to Massed Practice. |