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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
who did the first scientific studies of memory
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Ebbinghaus
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one main factor about memory that we can learn from Ebbinghaus' experiments
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he founded the memory curve (most of the forgetting is within the first hour)
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length of sensory memory
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shorter than STM and LTM
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type of memory that was being test when flashed the letters on the screen and wrote down as many as you could remember
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visual sensory memory
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how long does information stay in STM if we dont rehearse it
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20-30 seconds
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two ways to define STM's capacity
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average person can hold about 5-9 pieces of info., holds all info repeated in 2 seconds
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chunking
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grouping information into meaningful units/chunks
Ex: remember numbers 1066201018121939 |
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dual coding
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recall information better if you can encode it with multiple senses; read 10 sentences easy or hard to say picture it in your mind
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LTM holds much info and how long it can hold it
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we think it can be held forever but that can't be proven
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semantic memories
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is general facts; 911 remember facts about what happened
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episodic memories
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personal events; 911 where you were who we were talking to
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implicit memories
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unintentionally learned/recalled; riding a bike- becomes effortless you can just get on and go
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explicit
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intentionally learned/recalled; riding a bike, you would really have to think about things
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serial list of items; things remembered best, worst
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things in the begginning and end get remembered best, but things in the middle are tended to be forgotten
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long-term potentiation
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strengthening connections between neurons; is the biological basis of memory
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reconstructed memory
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memories change to fit our experiences/ expectations
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what do psychologists believe to be true concerning recovered memories
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some psychologist believe in recovered memores and some of them don't
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is it possible to improve one's memory
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with practice
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learning
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relatively permanent change in behavior due to some experience
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3 criteria that would make a behavior not count as learning
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instincts, maturation, or temporary states, like fatigue
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operant conditioning
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learn to do voluntary behaviors to earn reward or aviod punishment
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reinforcer
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stimulus that follows behavior; increases likelihood of behavior
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positive and negative reinforcement examples
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stealing isn't good, but people sitll steal (positive)
taking aspirin- removes the pain (negative) |
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3 characteristics punishment have to be to be effective
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swift, sufficient, consistant
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classical conditioning
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learning to produce an involuntary response with a stimulus-learning when you may not realize you have learned something
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how does social learning theory say we learn
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by observing others
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what did Bandura's Bobo doll experiment teach us about learning
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kids learn by what they see and experience
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example of classical conditioning
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vanilla stuff Dr. Ritchey's mom gave her...used when she had morning sickness from being pregnant, after baby was born still used it and got sick still
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sensation
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detecting physcial engery and encoding as neural signals (seeing it/sensing it)
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receptors
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special neurons in sense organs; translate and transmit
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perception
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organizing/interpreting sensations
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what was the point of showing you the ambiguous picture of the cow?
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we percieve the world usefully/efficiently
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psychophysics
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how things in enviornment affect your behavior
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psychophysics example
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blind women designing cockpit
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absolute threshold
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minimum stimulation needed to detect stimulus (close eyes and start to shine light)
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difference threshold
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minimum difference between two stimuli (how much brighter one light is compared to another; difference between the two)
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subliminal messages
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below what your mind can detect; ex: boy with cake experiment
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do subliminal messages influence our attitudes?
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yes but effects tend to be short and subtle
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do subliminal messages influence our behavior?
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no, evidence doesn't show that it effects our behavior
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sensory adaptation example
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sensing some noise, smell, or sight over and over again and at some point the receptored in the eye, ear, or nose don't pick up on it anymore (smell of your house)
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what does the Gate Control theory say about pain?
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can work from outside in or inside out
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what do Gestalt psychologist study?
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we don't always percieve the world as it is we percieve it as useful and the easy way
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what are some of the observer characteristics that influene our perception
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motivation, expectations, experiences
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what evidence is there for perception being an inborn ability?
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blind can tell what color is what even when they were born blind
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what evidence is there for perception being influenced by our environment?
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googles that shift everything to the right 45 degrees and after a while the world looked regular and you can overcome or adapt to the change
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synaesthesia; sensation without perception or perception without sensation?
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one sensation triggers perception of another sense; perception without sensation
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what is the current theory regarding what causes synaesthesia?
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it's involuntary and durable (you have it since birth and most likely will have it for the rest of your life)
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Is ESP having sensation without perception or have perception without sensation
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perception without sensation
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what do psychologists believe about whether ESP exists or not?
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people's personal stories; have no evidence yet
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